Principles of Solar Cells, Leds and Diodes - The Role of the Pn Junction

Informationen zum Autor ADRIAN KITAI , Departments of Engineering Physics and Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Klappentext The book will cover the two most important applications of semiconductor diodes - solar cells and LEDs - together with quantitative coverage of the physics of the PN junction at the senior undergraduate level. It will include:* Review of semiconductor physics* Introduction to PN diodes* The solar cell* Physics of efficient conversion of sunlight into electrical energy* Semiconductor solar cell materials and device physics* Advanced solar cell materials and devices* The light emitting diode* Physics of efficient conversion of electrical energy into light* Semiconductor light emitting diode materials and device physics* Advanced light emitting diode materials and devices Zusammenfassung The book will cover the two most important applications of semiconductor diodes - solar cells and LEDs - together with quantitative coverage of the physics of the PN junction at the senior undergraduate level. It will include:* Review of semiconductor physics* Introduction to PN diodes* The solar cell* Physics of efficient conversion of sunlight into electrical energy* Semiconductor solar cell materials and device physics* Advanced solar cell materials and devices* The light emitting diode* Physics of efficient conversion of electrical energy into light* Semiconductor light emitting diode materials and device physics* Advanced light emitting diode materials and devices Inhaltsverzeichnis Introduction xiAcknowledgements xv1 Semiconductor Physics 11.1 Introduction 21.2 The Band Theory of Solids 21.3 The Kronig-Penney Model 31.4 The Bragg Model 81.5 Effective Mass 81.6 Number of States in a Band 101.7 Band Filling 121.8 Fermi Energy and Holes 141.9 Carrier Concentration 151.10 Semiconductor Materials 251.11 Semiconductor Band Diagrams 261.12 Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors 291.13 Extrinsic Semiconductors 351.14 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors 401.15 Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Dynamics 431.16 Carrier Diffusion and the Einstein Relation 451.17 Quasi-Fermi Energies 481.18 The Diffusion Equation 501.19 Traps and Carrier Lifetimes 531.20 Alloy Semiconductors 561.21 Summary 59Suggestions for Further Reading 61Problems 632 The PN Junction Diode 692.1 Introduction 702.2 Diode Current 722.3 Contact Potential 752.4 The Depletion Approximation 782.5 The Diode Equation 852.6 Reverse Breakdown and the Zener Diode 972.7 Tunnel Diodes 1002.8 Generation/Recombination Currents 1012.9 Ohmic Contacts, Schottky Barriers and Schottky Diodes 1042.10 Heterojunctions 1132.11 Alternating Current (AC) and Transient Behaviour 1152.12 Summary 117Suggestions for Further Reading 118Problems 1193 Photon Emission and Absorption 1233.1 Introduction to Luminescence and Absorption 1243.2 Physics of Light Emission 1253.3 Simple Harmonic Radiator 1283.4 Quantum Description 1293.5 The Exciton 1323.6 Two-Electron Atoms 1353.7 Molecular Excitons 1413.8 Band-to-Band Transitions 1443.9 Photometric Units 1483.10 Summary 152Suggestions for Further Reading 153Problems 1554 The Solar Cell 1594.1 Introduction 1604.2 Light Absorption 1624.3 Solar Radiation 1644.4 Solar Cell Design and Analysis 1644.5 Thin Solar Cells 1724.6 Solar Cell Generation as a Function of Depth 1764.7 Solar Cell Efficiency 1794.8 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Wafer Preparation 1844.9 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Solar Cell Finishing 1874.10 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Advanced Production Methods 1914.11 Thin Film Solar Cells: Amorphous Silicon 1924.12 Telluride/Selenide/Sulphide Thin-Film Solar Cells 1994.13 High-Efficiency Multijunction Solar Cells 2004.14 Concentrating Solar Systems 2034.15 Summary 204Suggestions for...

Table des matières

Introduction xi
Acknowledgements xv
1 Semiconductor Physics 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 The Band Theory of Solids 2
1.3 The Kronig-Penney Model 3
1.4 The Bragg Model 8
1.5 Effective Mass 8
1.6 Number of States in a Band 10
1.7 Band Filling 12
1.8 Fermi Energy and Holes 14
1.9 Carrier Concentration 15
1.10 Semiconductor Materials 25
1.11 Semiconductor Band Diagrams 26
1.12 Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors 29
1.13 Extrinsic Semiconductors 35
1.14 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors 40
1.15 Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Dynamics 43
1.16 Carrier Diffusion and the Einstein Relation 45
1.17 Quasi-Fermi Energies 48
1.18 The Diffusion Equation 50
1.19 Traps and Carrier Lifetimes 53
1.20 Alloy Semiconductors 56
1.21 Summary 59
Suggestions for Further Reading 61
Problems 63
2 The PN Junction Diode 69
2.1 Introduction 70
2.2 Diode Current 72
2.3 Contact Potential 75
2.4 The Depletion Approximation 78
2.5 The Diode Equation 85
2.6 Reverse Breakdown and the Zener Diode 97
2.7 Tunnel Diodes 100
2.8 Generation/Recombination Currents 101
2.9 Ohmic Contacts, Schottky Barriers and Schottky Diodes 104
2.10 Heterojunctions 113
2.11 Alternating Current (AC) and Transient Behaviour 115
2.12 Summary 117
Suggestions for Further Reading 118
Problems 119
3 Photon Emission and Absorption 123
3.1 Introduction to Luminescence and Absorption 124
3.2 Physics of Light Emission 125
3.3 Simple Harmonic Radiator 128
3.4 Quantum Description 129
3.5 The Exciton 132
3.6 Two-Electron Atoms 135
3.7 Molecular Excitons 141
3.8 Band-to-Band Transitions 144
3.9 Photometric Units 148
3.10 Summary 152
Suggestions for Further Reading 153
Problems 155
4 The Solar Cell 159
4.1 Introduction 160
4.2 Light Absorption 162
4.3 Solar Radiation 164
4.4 Solar Cell Design and Analysis 164
4.5 Thin Solar Cells 172
4.6 Solar Cell Generation as a Function of Depth 176
4.7 Solar Cell Efficiency 179
4.8 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Wafer Preparation 184
4.9 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Solar Cell Finishing 187
4.10 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Advanced Production Methods 191
4.11 Thin Film Solar Cells: Amorphous Silicon 192
4.12 Telluride/Selenide/Sulphide Thin-Film Solar Cells 199
4.13 High-Efficiency Multijunction Solar Cells 200
4.14 Concentrating Solar Systems 203
4.15 Summary 204
Suggestions for Further Reading 205
Problems 207
5 Light Emitting Diodes 215
5.1 Introduction 216
5.2 LED Operation and Device Structures 217
5.3 Emission Spectrum 220
5.4 Non-Radiative Recombination 221
5.5 Optical Outcoupling 223
5.6 GaAs LEDs 225
5.7 GaAs1-xPx LEDs 226
5.8 Double Heterojunction AlxGa1-xAs LEDs 228
5.9 AlGaInP LEDs 234
5.10 Ga1-xInxN LEDs 236
5.11 LED Structures for Enhanced Outcoupling and Power Output 244
5.12 Summary 247
Suggestions for Further Reading 248
Problems 249
6 Organic Semiconductors, OLEDs and Solar Cells 253
6.1 Introduction to Organic Electronics 254
6.2 Conjugated Systems 255
6.3 Polymer OLEDs 260
6.4 Small-Molecule OLEDs 266
6.5 Anode Materials 270
6.6 Cathode Materials 270
6.7 Hole Injection Layer 271
6.8 Electron Injection Layer 272
6.9 Hole Transport Layer 272
6.10 Electron Transport Layer 275
6.11 Light Emitting Material Processes 276
6.12 Host Materials 278
6.13 Fluorescent Dopants 279
6.14 Phosphorescent Dopants 283
6.15 Organic Solar Cells 283
6.16 Organic Solar Cell Materials 289
6.17 Summary 292
Suggestions for Further Reading 294
Problems 295
Appendix 1: Physical Constants 301
Appendix 2: Properties of Semiconductor Materials 303
Appendix 3: The Boltzmann Distribution Function 305
Index 309

Détails du produit

• Auteurs: Kitai, Adrian Kitai
• Edition: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Langues: Anglais
• Format d'édition: Livre Relié
• Sortie: 12.08.2011
• EAN: 9781444318340
• ISBN: 978-1-4443-1834-0
• Pages: 334
• Catégorie: Sciences naturelles, médecine, informatique, technique > Technique > Electronique, électrotechnique, technique de l'information