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Informationen zum Autor RAFAEL A. AURAS, Professor, School of Packaging, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Michigan State University, USA. LOONG-TAK LIM, Professor, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Canada. SUSAN E. M. SELKE, Professor Emeritus, School of Packaging, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Michigan State University, USA. HIDETO TSUJI, Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan. Klappentext POLY(LACTIC ACID)The second edition of a key reference, fully updated to reflect new research and applicationsPoly(lactic acid)s - PLAs, biodegradable polymers derived from lactic acid, have become vital components of a sustainable society. Eco-friendly PLA polymers are used in numerous industrial applications ranging from packaging to medical implants and to wastewater treatment. The global PLA market is predicted to expand significantly over the next decade due to increasing demand for compostable and recyclable materials produced from renewable resources.Poly(lactic acid) Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, Applications, and End of Life provides comprehensive coverage of the basic chemistry, production, and industrial use of PLA. Contributions from an international panel of experts review specific processing methods, characterization techniques, and various applications in medicine, textiles, packaging, and environmental engineering. Now in its second edition, this fully up-to-date volume features new and revised chapters on 3D printing, the mechanical and chemical recycling of PLA, PLA stereocomplex crystals, PLA composites, the environmental footprint of PLA, and more.* Highlights the biodegradability, recycling, and sustainability benefits of PLA* Describes processing and conversion technologies for PLA, such as injection molding, extrusion, blending, and thermoforming* Covers various aspects of lactic acid/lactide monomers, including physicochemical properties and production* Examines different condensation reactions and modification strategies for enhanced polymerization of PLA* Discusses the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of PLA* Addresses degradation and environmental issues of PLA, including photodegradation, radiolysis, hydrolytic degradation, biodegradation, and life cycle assessmentPoly(lactic acid) Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, Applications, and End of Life, Second Edition remains essential reading for polymer engineers, materials scientists, polymer chemists, chemical engineers, industry professionals using PLA, and scientists and advanced student engineers interested in biodegradable plastics. Zusammenfassung POLY(LACTIC ACID)The second edition of a key reference, fully updated to reflect new research and applicationsPoly(lactic acid)s - PLAs, biodegradable polymers derived from lactic acid, have become vital components of a sustainable society. Eco-friendly PLA polymers are used in numerous industrial applications ranging from packaging to medical implants and to wastewater treatment. The global PLA market is predicted to expand significantly over the next decade due to increasing demand for compostable and recyclable materials produced from renewable resources.Poly(lactic acid) Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, Applications, and End of Life provides comprehensive coverage of the basic chemistry, production, and industrial use of PLA. Contributions from an international panel of experts review specific processing methods, characterization techniques, and various applications in medicine, textiles, packaging, and environmental engineering. Now in its second edition, this fully up-to-date volume features new and revised chapters on 3D printing, the mechanical and chemical recycling of PLA, PLA stereocomplex crystals, PLA composites, the environmental footprint...
Table des matières
List of Contributors xix
Preface xxiii
Author Biographies xxvii
Part I Chemistry and Production of Lactic Acid, Lactide, and Poly(Lactic Acid) 1
1 Production and Purification of Lactic Acid and Lactide 3
Wim Groot, Jan van Krieken, Olav Sliekersl, and Sicco de Vos
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Lactic Acid 4
1.2.1 History of Lactic Acid 4
1.2.2 Physical Properties of Lactic Acid 4
1.2.3 Chemistry of Lactic Acid 4
1.2.4 Production of Lactic Acid by Fermentation 5
1.2.5 Downstream Processing/Purification of Lactic Acid 8
1.2.6 Quality/Specifications of Lactic Acid 10
1.3 Lactide 10
1.3.1 Physical Properties of Lactide 10
1.3.2 Production of Lactide 11
1.3.3 Purification of Lactide 13
1.3.4 Quality and Specifications of Polymer-Grade Lactide 14
1.3.5 Concluding Remarks on Polymer-Grade Lactide 16
References 16
2 Aqueous Solutions of Lactic Acid 19
Carl T. Lira and Lars Peereboom
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Structure of Lactic Acid 19
2.3 Vapor Pressure of Anhydrous Lactic Acid and Lactide 19
2.4 Oligomerization in Aqueous Solutions 20
2.5 Equilibrium Distribution of Oligomers 21
2.6 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 23
2.7 Density of Aqueous Solutions 25
2.8 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions 25
2.9 Summary 26
References 26
3 Industrial Production of High-Molecular-Weight Poly(Lactic Acid) 29
Anders Södergård, Mikael Stolt, and Saara Inkinen
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Lactic-Acid-Based Polymers by Polycondensation 30
3.2.1 Direct Condensation 31
3.2.2 Solid-State Polycondensation 32
3.2.3 Azeotropic Dehydration 33
3.3 Lactic Acid-Based Polymers by Chain Extension 34
3.3.1 Chain Extension with Diisocyanates 34
3.3.2 Chain Extension with Bis-2-Oxazoline 36
3.3.3 Dual Linking Processes 36
3.3.4 Chain Extension with Bis-Epoxies 36
3.4 Lactic-Acid-Based Polymers by Ring-Opening Polymerization 37
3.4.1 Polycondensation Processes 37
3.4.2 Lactide Manufacturing 37
3.4.3 Ring-Opening Polymerization 39
References 40
4 Design and Synthesis of Different Types of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Polylactide Copolymers 45
Ann-Christine
Albertsson, Indra Kumari Varma, Bimlesh Lochab, Anna Finne-Wistrand, Sangeeta Sahu, and Kamlesh Kumar
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Comonomers with Lactic Acid/Lactide 47
4.2.1 Glycolic Acid/Glycolide 47
4.2.2 Poly(Alkylene Glycol) 48
4.2.3 delta-Valerolactone and ß-Butyrolactone 51
4.2.4 epsilon-Caprolactone 51
4.2.5 1,5-Dioxepan-2-One 52
4.2.6 Trimethylene Carbonate 52
4.2.7 Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) 52
4.2.8 Alkylthiophene (P3AT) 53
4.2.9 Polypeptide 53
4.3 Functionalized PLA 54
4.4 Macromolecular Design of Lactide-Based Copolymers 55
4.4.1 Graft Copolymers 57
4.4.2 Star-Shaped Copolymers 59
4.4.3 Periodic Copolymers 60
4.5 Properties of Lactide-Based Copolymers 62
4.6 Degradation of Lactide Homo-and Copolymers 63
4.6.1 Drug Delivery from Lactide-Based Copolymers 64
4.6.2 Radiation Effects 65
References 65
5 Preparation, Structure, and Properties of Stereocomplex-Type Poly(Lactic Acid) 73
Neha Mulchandani, Yoshiharu Kimura, and Vimal Katiyar
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Stereocomplexation in Poly(Lactic Acid) 73
5.
