Flame Retardants

This book focuses on the chemistry and applications of flame retardants for polymers and other materials. It starts with a description and types of flame retardants, as well as their properties and chemical structures, to include chlorine- and bromine-containing flame retardants, phosphorus-based flame retardants, nitrogen-based flame retardants, and silicones. Inorganic materials that serve as flame retardants, such as boron-based additives, graphenes, and others are discussed in detail.
 
In addition, the following subjects are discussed in detail:
* Flame retardant polymers
* The mechanisms of flame retardants, such as flame cooling, synergetic effects, degradation of flame retardants, and others
* Other flame retardant compositions, such as dripping inhibitors and smoke suppressants
* Testing methods for flame retardants, international standards, human health hazards, such as smoke toxicity and problems with wastes
* Synthesis and fabrication methods, as well as recycling methods
* The application of flame retardants to the coating material using 3D printing, reactive coating, and bulk addition methods
* Non-burning comonomers, foams, nanocomposites and bio-based materials
* Flame retardants with other textiles, such as wool and electrical applications such as batteries

Table des matières

Preface xiii
 
1 Types of Flame Retardants 1
 
1.1 History of Organic Flame Retardants 1
 
1.2 Commercially Available Flame Retardants 3
 
1.3 Chlorine-Containing Materials 7
 
1.3.1 HET Acid 7
 
1.3.2 Dechlorane Plus 7
 
1.3.3 Chlordene 10
 
1.3.4 Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate 10
 
1.3.5 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate 11
 
1.4 Bromine-Containing Materials 11
 
1.4.1 Brominated Diphenyl Ethers 11
 
1.4.2 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane 13
 
1.4.3 Trioxohexahydrotriazine Compound 15
 
1.4.4 2,4,6-Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine 15
 
1.4.5 Pentabromodiphenyl ether 17
 
1.5 Phosphorus Flame Retardants 17
 
1.5.1 DOPO 18
 
1.5.2 Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) 19
 
1.5.3 Resorcinol bis(di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) 19
 
1.5.4 Phosphor Amides 20
 
1.5.5 Polyphosphate Ester Morpholides 20
 
1.5.6 Cyclic Phosphazenes 22
 
1.6 Boron Additives 23
 
1.6.1 Zinc Borate 23
 
1.6.2 Boron Compounds and Magnesium Hydroxide 28
 
1.6.3 Boron Compounds and Aluminum Trihydroxide 28
 
1.6.4 Boron/Phosphorus Polymer 29
 
1.6.5 Boron Phosphate 31
 
1.6.6 Boron-Containing Novolac Resins 32
 
1.6.7 Spirocyclic Boron Compounds 33
 
1.6.8 Boron Triazine 34
 
1.6.9 Boron Nitride 37
 
1.6.10 Azo-Boron Compounds 43
 
1.6.11 Isosorbide-Derived Boron and Phosphorus Materials 46
 
1.6.12 Boron Cyclophosphazene Derivatives 46
 
1.6.13 Cardanol DOPO and Boron-Doped Graphene 49
 
1.6.14 Boron Crosslinked Cellulose Nanofibrils 49
 
1.7 Silicones 51
 
1.7.1 Hydroxy Silicone Oil 51
 
1.7.2 Hydrogen-Containing Silicone Oil 54
 
1.7.3 Red Phosphorus and Alumina Trihydrate 55
 
1.7.4 Aluminum Hypophosphite and Expandable Graphite 55
 
1.7.5 Phosphaphenanthrene Compound 56
 
1.7.6 Phosphorus-Silicone-Nitrogen Ternary Flame Retardant 58
 
1.7.7 Calcium and Aluminium-Based Fillers 59
 
1.7.8 Macromolecular Charring Agent 60
 
1.7.9 Intumescent Flame Retardants 61
 
1.7.10 Chitosan-Based Nanocoatings 67
 
1.7.11 Lignin-Based Silicone 67
 
1.7.12 Silicone-Based Adhesive 68
 
1.7.13 Nanofillers 69
 
1.8 Molybdenum Compounds 69
 
1.9 Graphenes 70
 
1.9.1 Synergist for Intumescent Flame Retardants 70
 
1.9.2 Electrochemical Preparation 73
 
1.9.3 Phosphaphenanthrene Graphene Hybrid Flame Retardant 75
 
1.9.4 Phosphaphenanthrene Graphene Copolymer 75
 
1.9.5 Bio-Based Polyphosphonate and Modified Graphene Oxide 77
 
1.9.6 Black Phosphorene Graphene Composite 78
 
1.9.7 Waste Deoxyribonucleic Acid 78
 
1.9.8 Poly(ionic liquid) and Graphene 79
 
1.9.9 Copper Decorated Graphene 80
 
1.9.10 Lignin-Modified Carbon Nanotube Graphene 81
 
1.9.11 kappa-Carrageenan Flame Retardant Microspheres 82
 
1.9.12 Phenethyl-Bridged DOPO and Graphene Nanosheets 83
 
1.9.13 Graphene Nanoplatelets 83
 
1.9.14 Aerogels 87
 
1.9.15 Poly(etherimide) Membranes 89
 
1.9.16 Chitosan-Graphene Coatings 89
 
1.9.17 Polymeric Flame Retardant Functionalized Graphene 90
 
1.9.18 Graphene Oxide Compositions 90
 
1.10 Flame Retardant Fillers 104
 
1.10.1 Mineral Fillers 104
 
1.10.2 Melamine Phosphate Compounds 104
 
1.11 Admixed Additives 105
 
1.11.1 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardant Fillers 108
 
1.11.2 Thermal Conductive Fillers 109
 
1.11.3 Organ

A propos de l'auteur

Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 40 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published many books on physical chemistry and polymer science including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2009), The Chemistry of Biobased Polymers, 2^nd edition (Wiley-Scrivener 2019), 3D Industrial Printing with Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2019) and The Chemistry of Environmental Engineering (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).

Résumé

This book focuses on the chemistry and applications of flame retardants for polymers and other materials. It starts with a description and types of flame retardants, as well as their properties and chemical structures, to include chlorine- and bromine-containing flame retardants, phosphorus-based flame retardants, nitrogen-based flame retardants, and silicones. Inorganic materials that serve as flame retardants, such as boron-based additives, graphenes, and others are discussed in detail.

In addition, the following subjects are discussed in detail:
* Flame retardant polymers
* The mechanisms of flame retardants, such as flame cooling, synergetic effects, degradation of flame retardants, and others
* Other flame retardant compositions, such as dripping inhibitors and smoke suppressants
* Testing methods for flame retardants, international standards, human health hazards, such as smoke toxicity and problems with wastes
* Synthesis and fabrication methods, as well as recycling methods
* The application of flame retardants to the coating material using 3D printing, reactive coating, and bulk addition methods
* Non-burning comonomers, foams, nanocomposites and bio-based materials
* Flame retardants with other textiles, such as wool and electrical applications such as batteries

Détails du produit

• Auteurs: Fink, J Fink, Johannes Karl Fink, Johannes Karl (University of Leoben Fink, Fink Johannes Karl
• Edition: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Langues: Anglais
• Format d'édition: Livre Relié
• Sortie: 31.08.2020
• EAN: 9781119750611
• ISBN: 978-1-119-75061-1
• Pages: 384
• Catégories: Sciences naturelles, médecine, informatique, technique > Technique > Autres; Chemie, Brandschutz, chemistry, Fire protection, Materialwissenschaften, Industrial Chemistry, Materials science, Technische u. Industrielle Chemie, Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen, Civil Engineering & Construction, Allg. Materialwissenschaften