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Informationen zum Autor Viatcheslav V. Tikhomirov , PhD, is a professor, engineer, and researcher in the science of groundwater and its practical applications. An associate professor in the Department of Hydrology at the St. Petersburg State University in Russia, he has taught hydrogeochemistry for many years and has over 150 publications to his credit. Klappentext Water is the Earth's most precious resource. Until recent years, water was often overlooked as being overly abundant or available, but much has changed all over the world. As climate change, human encroachment on environmental areas, and deforestation become greater dangers, the study of groundwater has become more important than ever and is growing as one of the most important areas of science for the future of life on Earth. This three-volume set is the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of hydrogeochemistry that is available. The first volume lays the foundation of the composition, chemistry, and testing of groundwater, while volume two covers practical applications such as mass transfer and transport. Volume three, which completes the set, is an advanced study of the environmental analysis of groundwater and its implications for the future. This third volume focuses more deeply on the analysis of groundwater and the practical applications of these analyses, which are valuable to engineers and scientists in environmental science, groundwater remediation, petroleum engineering, geology, and hydrology. Whether as a textbook or a reference work, this volume is a must-have for any library on hydrogeochemistry. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract xi Preface xiii Spontaneous Processes and Mineral Equilibrium xv 1 Chemical Reactions 1 1.1 Real Water Solution 2 1.1.1 Properties of Water Solution 3 1.1.2 Composition of Water Solution 7 1.1.3 Structure of the Water Solution 13 1.1.4 Basis Components of a Solution 18 1.2 Spontaneous Processes 21 1.2.1 Energy of Spontaneous Processes 25 1.2.2 Direction of the Spontaneous Processes 27 1.2.3 Chemical Potential 28 1.2.4 Thermodynamical Concentration 32 1.2.4.1 Activities in Ideal Solutions 33 1.2.4.2 Activities in Real Solutions 37 1.3 Chemical Reactions 48 1.3.1 Restrictions of Spontaneous Reactions 49 1.3.2 Law of Mass Action 52 1.3.3 Equilibrium Constants of Reactions 55 1.3.4 Direction of Reactions 61 1.3.5 Reaction Rate 65 1.3.5.1 Elementary Reactions 66 1.3.5.2 Complex Reactions 72 1.3.6 Dependent and Independent Reactions 77 2 Hydrogeochemical Processes 81 2.1 Homogenous Processes 82 2.1.1 Electron Exchange 82 2.1.1.1 The Mechanism of Redox Processes 84 2.1.1.2 Oxidation Potential 88 2.1.1.3 Determination of Oxidation Potential 91 2.1.1.4 Oxygen Fugacity 97 2.1.2 Proton Exchange 98 2.1.2.1 Mechanism of Acid-based Reactions 99 2.1.2.2 Hydrogen Parameter 100 2.1.2.3 Buffer Systems 103 2.1.2.4 Determination of Solution's pH 105 2.1.3 Complexation 107 2.1.3.1 Mechanism of Complexation 108 2.1.3.2 Stability of Complex Formations 115 2.1.3.3 Complexation Function 119 2.1.4 Real Composition of Water 125 2.1.4.1 Rates of Homogenous Processes 126 2.1.4.2 Ionic Equilibrium in the Solution 127 2.1.4.3 Models of Water Solution's Composition 130 2.2 Heterogeneous Processes 134 2.2.1 Phase Rules 136 2.2.2 Mass Transfer by Mineral Components 140 2.2.2.1 Mineral-salt Complex of Rocks 142 2.2.2.2 Adsorption and Desorption 146 2.2.2.3 Ion Exchange 161 2.2.2.4 Surface Complexation 187 2.2.2.5 Adsorption and Desorption Rate 201 2.2.2.6 Dissolution and Minerogenesis 207 <...
