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Aerosols influence many areas of our daily life. They are at the core of
environmental problems such as global warming, photochemical smog and
poor air quality. They can also have diverse effects on human health, where
exposure occurs in both outdoor and indoor environments.
However, aerosols can have beneficial effects too; the delivery of drugs to the
lungs, the delivery of fuels for combustion and the production of nanomaterials
all rely on aerosols. Advances in particle measurement technologies have
made it possible to take advantage of rapid changes in both particle size and
concentration. Likewise, aerosols can now be produced in a controlled fashion.
Reviewing many technological applications together with the current scientific
status of aerosol modelling and measurements, this book includes:
* Satellite aerosol remote sensing
* The effects of aerosols on climate change
* Air pollution and health
* Pharmaceutical aerosols and pulmonary drug delivery
* Bioaerosols and hospital infections
* Particle emissions from vehicles
* The safety of emerging nanomaterials
* Radioactive aerosols: tracers of atmospheric processes
With the importance of this topic brought to the public's attention after the
eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull, this book provides a timely,
concise and accessible overview of the many facets of aerosol science.
Table des matières
List of Contributors xiii
Preface xv
1. Introduction 1
Mihalis Lazaridis and Ian Colbeck
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Size and Shape 5
1.3 Size Distribution 6
1.4 Chemical Composition 10
1.5 Measurements and Sampling 11
References 12
2. Aerosol Dynamics 15
Mihalis Lazaridis and Yannis Drossinos
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 General Dynamic Equation 17
2.3 Nucleation: New Particle Formation 19
2.4 Growth by Condensation 26
2.5 Coagulation and Agglomeration 27
2.6 Deposition Mechanisms 32
2.7 Resuspension 38
References 41
3. Recommendations for Aerosol Sampling 45
Alfred Wiedensohler, Wolfram Birmili, Jean-Philippe Putaud, and John Ogren
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Guidelines for Standardized Aerosol Sampling 46
3.3 Concrete Sampling Configurations 53
3.4 Artifact-Free Sampling for Organic Carbon Analysis 57
Acknowledgments 59
References 59
4. Aerosol Instrumentation 61
Da-Ren Chen and David Y. H. Pui
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 General Strategy 62
4.3 Aerosol Sampling Inlets and Transport 63
4.4 Integral Moment Measurement 64
4.5 Particle Surface Area Measurement 68
4.6 Size-Distribution Measurement 70
4.7 Chemical Composition Measurement 78
4.8 Conclusion 80
References 82
5. Filtration Mechanisms 89
Sarah Dunnett
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Deposition Mechanisms 91
5.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency 104
5.4 Filter Randomness 109
5.5 Applications 109
5.6 Conclusions 110
Nomenclature 110
References 113
6. Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols 119
Sagnik Dey and Sachchida Nand Tripathi
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing 120
6.3 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing 126
6.4 Summary and Future Requirements 141
Acknowledgements 142
References 142
7. Atmospheric Particle Nucleation 153
Mikko Sipilä, Katrianne Lehtipalo, and Markku Kulmala
7.1 General Relevance 153
7.2 Detection of Atmospheric Nanoparticles 156
7.3 Atmospheric Observations of New Particle Formation 163
7.4 Laboratory Experiments 166
7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges 169
References 170
8. Atmospheric Aerosols and Climate Impacts 181
Maria Kanakidou
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Global Aerosol Distributions 181
8.3 Aerosol Climate Impacts 182
8.4 Simulations of Global Aerosol Distributions 186
8.5 Extinction of Radiation by Aerosols (Direct Effect) 190
8.6 Aerosols and Clouds (Indirect Effect) 194
8.7 Radiative Forcing Estimates 200
8.8 The Way Forward 203
References 203
9. Air Pollution and Health and the Role of Aerosols 207
Pat Goodman and Otto Hänninen
9.1 Background 207
9.2 Size Fractions 208
9.3 Which Pollution Particle Sizes Are Important? 209
9.4 What Health Outcomes Are Associated with Exposure to Air Pollution? 209
9.5 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols 209
9.6 Particle Deposition in the Lungs 210
9.7 Aerosol Interaction Mechanisms in the Human Body 211
9.8 Human Respiratory Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure 212
9.9 Cardiovascular Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure 215
9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 215
References 216
10. Phar
A propos de l'auteur
IAN COLBECK,
University of Essex, UK MIHALIS LAZARIDIS,
Technical University of Crete, Greece
Résumé
This book reviews technological applications of aerosol science together with the current scientific status of aerosol modeling and measurements. The aim is to identify available current information on the effects of aerosols on human health.
