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Archaeological Ceramic Materials is an introduction to the origin and the analysis of the most abundant material found in archaeologyceramics. In this volume, the authors explain the origin of the components of ceramic materials, the choice of these materials by potters as a function of use and physical properties, the effects of firing on ceramic materials, and the means used to analyze the ceramics in a post-use context.
Table des matières
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Objectives.- 1.2 Methods.- 1.3 Vocabulary.- 1.4 Structure of the Book.- 2 Rocks and Minerals.- 2.1 Chemical Elements and Their Chemical Affinities.- 2.2 Major Rock Types.- 2.3 Minerals.- 2.3.1 Mineral Formulae.- 2.3.2 Major Mineral Families.- 2.3.2.1 Silicates.- 2.3.2.1.1 The Silica Minerals and Quartz.- 2.3.2.1.2 Feldspars.- 2.3.2.1.3 Pyroxenes and Amphiboles.- 2.3.2.1.4 Olivine.- 2.3.2.1.5 Micas and Chlorite.- 2.3.2.2 Carbonates.- 2.3.2.3 Oxides.- 2.3.3 Mineral Grain Shapes.- 2.4 Minerals in Rocks.- 2.4.1 Sedimentary Rocks.- 2.4.2 Igneous Rocks.- 2.4.3. Metamorphic Rocks.- 2.4.3.1 Metamorphic Pelites.- 2.4.3.2 Metamorphosed Carbonates.- 2.4.3.3 Metamorphosed Igneous Rocks.- 3 Clay Minerals and Their Properties.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Chemical Constitution of Clay Minerals and Clay Mineral Families.- 3.2.1 Mica-Like Clays (Illite, Celadonite and Glauconite).- 3.2.2 Smectites.- 3.2.3 Kaolinite Minerals.- 3.2.4 Chlorites and Related Minerals.- 3.2.5 General Chemical Identity of the Clays.- 3.3 Physical Properties of Clay Minerals.- 3.3.1 Clay-Water Mixtures.- 3.3.2 Clay Shapes.- 3.4 Thermal Stability of Clays and Clay-Water Mixtures.- 3.5 Kinetics.- 3.5.1 Grain Size.- 3.5.2 Heating Rate.- 3.6 Summary.- 4 Origin of Clay Resources.- 4.1 Segregation of the Elements by Weathering.- 4.2 Weathering of Minerals.- 4.3 From Rocks to Soils to Sediments.- 4.3.1 Weathering Profiles.- 4.3.2 Transportation by Water Flow, Grain-Size Sorting.- 4.3.3 Transport and Deposition of Clays.- 4.3.4 Wind Transport.- 4.3.5 Burial of Sediments.- 4.4 Hydrothermal Alteration.- 4.5 Sources of Materials Suitable for Ceramics.- 4.5.1 Clays.- 4.5.2 Non-Clay Grains.- 5 Physical and Chemical Processes of Making Ceramics.- 5.1 Plasticity.- 5.2 Mineral Temper Grains.- 5.2.1 Natural Mineral Grains.- 5.2.2 Decantation and Separation of Natural Mineral Temper Grains.- 5.2.3 Tempering by Mixtures of Source Materials.- 5.2.3.1 Mixtures of Clays and Non-Clay Grains from Different Sources.- 5.2.3.2 Mixtures of Clay Sources.- 5.3 Decorations and Surfaces.- 5.3.1 Surface Smoothing.- 5.3.2 Slip.- 5.3.3 Paint.- 5.3.4 Glazes.- 5.4 Firing and Furnaces.- 5.4.1 Variables of Transformation to Make a Ceramic.- 5.4.1.1 The Firing Process: Time and Temperature.- 5.4.1.2 Stages of Transformation in Time-Temperature Coordinates.- 5.4.1.3 Paste Composition and Fusing Agents.- 5.4.1.4 Reduction of Iron.- 5.4.1.5 Particle Size.- 5.4.2 Firing Practices.- 5.4.2.1 Firing on the Ground.- 5.4.2.2 Pit Firing.- 5.4.2.3 Kilns.- 5.4.3 Summary of Factors in the Formation of a Ceramic Body During Firing.- 5.5 Structure, Porosity and Density of Ceramics: Non-Plastics, Clays and Pores.- 5.5.1 Pores.- 5.5.1.1 Primary Pores.- 5.5.1.2 Secondary Pores.- 5.5.1.3 Microporosity.- 5.5.2 Temper, Material and Firing.- 5.5.3 Thermal Properties of Oriented Clays.- 5.5.4 Hardness.- 5.6 Oxidation-Reduction Effects.- 5.7 Oxidation-Reduction Cycles.- 5.8 Mineral Reactions During Firing.- 5.9 Families of Ceramic Products.- 5.9.1 Earthenware.- 5.9.2 Pottery, Terra Cotta and Faience.- 5.9.3 Stoneware.- 5.9.4 Porcelain.- 5.10 Summary.- 6 The Making of Pots.- 6.1 Temper and Tempering.- 6.2 Raw Materials.- 6.2.1 Clay Material.- 6.2.2 Tempering Materials and Methods of Tempering.- 6.2.3 Tempering and Temper Identification.- 6.3 Making a Pot: Physical and Chemical Reactions.- 6.3.1 Needs as a Function of the Object.- 6.3.1.1 Plasticity and the Role of Temper and Non-Plastics.- 6.3.1.2 Drying and Shrinkage.- 6.3.1.3 Material Expansion.- 6.3.1.4 Grain Angularity.- 6.3.2 Paste as Related to Function, Form and Manufacturing Requirements.- 6.3.3 Needs as a Function of Use of the Object.- 6.3.3.1 Durability and Breakage Resistance; Strength and Hardness.- 6.3.3.2 Porosity, Density, Permeability, Impermeability.- 6.3.3.3 Thermal Stress Resistance and Thermal Conductivity.- 6.4 Preparation of Material.- 6.5 Forming Techniques.- 6.6 Surface Coatings as Related to the Function of the Ware.- 6.7 Firing and Fu
