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Inhaltsverzeichnis CHAPTER 1 The Study of Human Development Human Development: An Ever-Evolving Field Studying the Life Span Human Development Today The Study of Human Development: Basic Concepts Domains of Development Periods of the Life Span Influences on Development Heredity, Environment, and Maturation Contexts of Development Normative and Nonnormative Influences Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods Paul B. Baltes's Life-Span Developmental Approach CHAPTER 2 Theory and Research Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Theoretical Perspectives Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective 2: Learning Perspective 3: Cognitive Perspective 4: Contextual Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological A Shifting Balance Research Methods Sampling Forms of Data Collection Basic Research Designs Developmental Research Designs CHAPTER 3 Forming a New Life Conceiving New Life How Fertilization Takes Place What Causes Multiple Births? Mechanisms of Heredity The Genetic Code What Determines Sex? Patterns of Genetic Transmission Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities Genetic Counseling and Testing Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity and Environment Studying Heredity and Environment How Heredity and Environment Work Together Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment Prenatal Development Stages of Prenatal Development Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development Disparities in Prenatal Care The Need for Preconception Care CHAPTER 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed The Birth Process Stages of Childbirth Electronic Fetal Monitoring Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery The Newborn Baby Size and Appearance Body Systems Medical and Behavioral Assessment States of Arousal Complications of Childbirth Low Birth Weight Postmaturity Stillbirth Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications? Survival and Health Death during Infancy Immunization for Better Health Early Physical Development Principles of Development Patterns of Growth Nutrition The Brain and Reflex Behavior Early Sensory Capacities Motor Development Milestones of Motor Development Motor Development and Perception Eleanor and James Gibson's Ecological Theory How Motor Development Occurs: Thelan's Dynamic Systems Theory Cultural Influences on Motor Development CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches Behaviorist Approach: Basic Mechanics of Learning Classical and Operant Conditioning Infant Memory Psychometric Approach: Developmental and Intelligence Testing Testing Infants and Toddlers Assessing the Impact of the Early Home Environment Early Intervention Piagetian Approach: The Sensorimotor Stage Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought? Development of Knowledge about Objects and Space Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage Information-Processing Approach: Perceptions and Representations Habituation Visual and Auditory Processing Abilities Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities Cognitive Neuroscience Approach: The Brain's Cognitive Structures Memory Systems Understanding of Number Social-Contextual Approach: Learning Form Interactions with Caregivers Language Development Sequence of Early Language Development Characteristics of Early Speech Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate Influences on Early Language Development Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud CHAPTER 6 Psychosocial De...
