Product Fit and Sizing - Sustainable Product Evaluation, Engineering, and Design

In this book, for the first time, the complexity of assessing fit and using fittings in the product design process is addressed from a scientific and systems engineering perspective. It includes methods to represent the anthropometry of the target market, good practices to develop protocols for more reliable and consistent fit testing, methods for developing and maintaining a fit database, comprehensive statistical analyses needed for fit and sizing analysis, and instructions for selecting and modeling cases for new product development.
Product Fit and Sizing: Sustainable Product Evaluation, Engineering, and Design offers step-by-step instructions for the evaluation, engineering, and design of existing and new products and includes real-world examples of mass-produced apparel, head wearables, and footwear products. It also explains how to develop a sustainable fit standard for fit and sizing continuity for all styles across all seasons and iterations.
This book is intended for industry professionals and undergraduate and graduate education to prepare students for design and engineering jobs. For organizations that purchase uniforms or protective equipment and apparel, it also provides instructions for purchasing professionals to evaluate the suitability of wearable products for their population.
The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Chapter 1 Introduction         1
Abstract     1
Sustainable Product Evaluation, Engineering and Design Process (SPEED)     3
Inputs     6
Design loop    7
Sizing loop     8
How to use this book     13

Chapter 2 Inputs and Getting Started     16
Abstract     16
Products     17
Requirements and Constraints     17
Design Concept     21
Resources     24
Tools     24
Analysis & data management tools     25
Questionnaires     29
Anthropometry     35
Manual tool assessment     42
Imaging tool assessment     45
Physical fit measuring tools     57
Personnel and facilities     61
Personnel     61 Facilities     67
Use of human subjects     67
Test site considerations     68
Target population (TP) sampling and planning     70
Starting TP Sample     71
Planning full TP sample     77
Weighting samples     84
What can go wrong     86
Chapter 3 Cases and Fit Models       91
Abstract     91
Selecting cases     93
Selecting cases with raw data     98
Base size and base size case     105
Multiple cases     119
PCA alternative for selecting key variables     126
Selecting cases with aggregate data     135
Using cases to create mock-ups and prototypes     143
Physical manikins     148
Digital manikins     154
Original point cloud     157
Surfaced manikin     157
Watertight surfaced manikin     157
Standardized homologous watertight manikin     158
Parameterized database manikin     158
Chapter 4 Testing and Analysis Procedures      166
Abstract     166
Experimental design     169
Analysis methods     174
Student's t-test     176
Paired t-test (repeated measures with 2 treatments)     180
Wilcoxon signed-rank test     181
Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann Whitney test)     182
Proportion test     182
Chi-squared test for independence     184
Bivariate correlation     185
General Linear Models     185
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)     188
Linear regression/stepwise linear regression     189
Discriminant analysis     191
Logistic regression     193
Design loop tests and analysis     196
Pilot tests     197
Stand-alone trade studies     198
Comparison of two treatments using paired test design     200
Comparison of two treatments using independent samples     202
Comparison of three or more treatments using repeated measures design     202
Comparison of three or more treatments using independent measures design     205
Prototype fit tests     205
Scenario 1: First prototype iteration with just one size     209
Scenario 2: Existing product with fit and sizing issues in multiple sizes     211
Sizing loop tests and analysis     219
Evaluating the cost versus benefit of sets of sizes     221
Determining the tariff     223
Size prediction     228
Chapter 5 Mass Produced Apparel      231
Abstract     231
Background     231
Fit audit and the Sustainable Fit Standard     233
Grading and the Sweetspot     236
Benefits of the SPEED process     239
Case studies     239
Case study 1: Manufacturer / retailer design, sizing, tariff, & fit standard development    240
Case study 2: Assessment for purchasing an existing product aided by 3D scanning     252
Case study 3: Assessment for purchasing tariff     256
Case study 4: Prototype test to determine the correct alteration     262
Chapter 6 Head and Face Wearables      268
Abstract     268
Background     268
Center of mass vs neck strain     270
Sensitivity to temperature     271
Head orientation and alignment     272
Head anthropometry     281
Case studies     286
Case study 1: Design loop testing of a head wearable to demonstrate use of product based head orientation     286
Case study 2: Design loop testing with a non-functioning mockup including early COF     290
Case study 3: Design loop updates in COF     304
Case study 4: A trade study to investigate temple band closing force     309
Case study 5: Design loop evaluation tools highlighting inputs to design changes  32
Case study 6: Importance of fit testing to predict sizing numbers for purchasing 331
Chapter 7 Footwear      339
Abstract     339
Background     339
Issues with different footwear types     343
Dress shoes and casual footwear     344
Safety, protective, and occupational footwear     349
Sports footwear     351
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)     352
Concept-of-Fit (COF)     355
Subject assessment     355
The Sustainable Fit Standard     358
Target user profile     359
Foot anthropometry and anatomy     360
Foot as a static structure     361
The dynamics of the foot     363
Foot anthropometry methods     367
Variability of the of the foot anthropometry: sex, age, demographics     371
Resources, planning, and preparation     376
Case studies     379
Case study 1: The design loop of casual and fashion footwear     379
Case study 2: Application to footwear innovation      389
Glossary     391
Index     403

Über den Autor / die Autorin

Kathleen M. Robinette, Ph.D., is a research consultant specializing in anthropometry, biostatistics, and fit and sizing for product development and assessment. She has more than 45 years' experience, spearheading the development, management, and transitioning of new technologies in the field of engineering anthropometry, and led the field in the development of 3-D automated human scanning and modeling for product design and evaluation. She planned, organized, negotiated, and directed the first successful 3-D whole body human measurement survey (CAESAR), which produced more than 4,000 whole body models which continue to be used around the world today. She is a Fellow of the Air Force Research Laboratory from which she retired after 30 years of service and is an Honorary Fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. She was Professor and Head of the Department of Design, Housing, and Merchandising at Oklahoma State University 2012-2015 and she established and directed the Human Factors department for Magic Leap Inc. 2015-2017 implementing fit mapping into the product development process. Kathleen has a Ph.D. in Biostatistics and Epidemiology from the University of Cincinnati, an M.S. in Mathematics/Statistics from Wright State University, and a B.A. in Anthropology from Wright State University.
Daisy Veitch, Ph.D., is currently the Director of Anthropometry for Anthrotech Inc. and has served as an anthropometry and fit consultant for commercial apparel industry for more than 25 years. She worked with Flinders Medical Center to develop and refine 3D body scanning for medical applications. She is the owner of a US design patent and has registered designs in Australia, Europe, United States, and the European Community. She also directed the Australian National Size and Shape Survey in 2002. She worked in industry for ten years doing technical garment construction and serving as product engineer for an apparel company. As a recognized expert, she was appointed as an International Judge for APDeC 2013 (Asia Pacific Design Challenge) http://apdec.net. Daisy developed her fashion and design skills in Adelaide, Australia, beginning with the Australian Wool Corporation Young Designer Award and Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Award for Young Australians, which took her to Paris, France where she studied at the La Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne. She received her Ph.D. from TU Delft (Industrial Design Engineering with a specialization in Medisign). She is a founding member of World Engineering Anthropometry Resources (WEAR) and served as Treasurer and Secretary General.
Sandra Alemany, Ph.D., is a research scientist at the Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia (IBV) and founded the Anthropometry Research Group in 2015. She led large-scale anthropometry surveys in Europe using 3D scanning technology and has experience in applying anthropometry to improve wearable fit including: footwear, electronic devices, orthotics, insoles and clothing. Recent developments include a 4D body scanner in movement and the development of two mobile apps to generate 3D body shapes from photographs. She is an expert advisor on European Standardization Committees of Anthropometry and Size System of Clothing and an expert reviewer of R&D projects for the European Commission. She is currently serving as Co-chair for the Anthropometry Technical Committee for the International Ergonomics Association. She received her PhD. from the University Polytechnic of Valencia in 2023 with research about fit and clothing size prediction from anthropometry.
Karen Bredenkamp currently heads up the Human Factors team at Magic Leap Inc. Karen has more than 20 years' industry experience in anthropometry survey design, data collection, analysis, and implementation in wearable product and workstation design, as well as wearable product fit research as part of the product selection or development processes. Between 2000 - 2016 Karen was employed at Ergonomics Technology, a division of the Armaments Corporation of South Africa (ARMSCOR), where she had a core role in the establishment of the 3D whole-body and foot Anthropometry databases for the ethnically diverse and unique South African National Defence Force (SANDF) population. Her activities furthermore involved providing anthropometry and fit inputs and evaluation support for product design as well as purchasing of SANDF clothing, footwear, protective wearable products, workstations, and occupant environments. She also has worked in the transportation, mining and commercial industries. Karen is currently serving as Co-chair for the Anthropometry Technical Committee for the International Ergonomics Association. She has an MSc in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Cape Town and an BEng in Mechanical Engineering from Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

Zusammenfassung

This book addresses the complexity of assessing fit and using fittings in the product design process from a scientific and systems engineering perspective. Including: how to represent the anthropometry of the target market, good practices for reliable fit testing, and comprehensive statistical analyses for fit and sizing analysis.

Produktdetails

• Autoren: Sandra Alemany, Karen Bredenkamp, Kathleen M. Robinette, Kathleen M. Veitch Robinette, Robinette Kathleen M., Daisy Veitch
• Verlag: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
• Sprache: Englisch
• Produktform: Fester Einband
• Erschienen: 28.08.2024
• EAN: 9781032491189
• ISBN: 978-1-0-3249118-9
• Seiten: 409
• Themen: Geisteswissenschaften, Kunst, Musik > Kunst > Innenarchitektur, Design; Naturwissenschaften, Medizin, Informatik, Technik > Medizin > Pharmazie; Sozialwissenschaften, Recht,Wirtschaft > Wirtschaft > Management; Product Design, DESIGN / Product, MEDICAL / Physiology, TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Industrial Design / General, TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Industrial Health & Safety, TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Biomedical, Technical design, Biomedical engineering, Biomechanics, Human Kinetics, Ergonomics, Biomedical engineering / Medical engineering