Chemistry of Environmental Systems - Fundamental Principles and Analytical Methods

A modern guide to environmental chemistry
 
Chemistry of Environmental Systems: Fundamental Principles and Analytical Methods offers a comprehensive and authoritative review of modern environmental chemistry, discussing the chemistry and interconnections between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere. Written by internationally recognized experts, the textbook explores the chemistries of the natural environmental systems and demonstrates how these chemical processes change when anthropogenic emissions are introduced into the whole earth system.
 
This important text:
* Combines the key areas of environmental chemistry needed to understand the sources, fates, and impacts of contaminants in the environment
* Describes a range of environmental analytical methodologies
* Explores the basic environmental effects of energy sources, including nuclear energy
* Encourages a proactive approach to environmental chemistry, with a focus on preventing future environmental problems
* Includes study questions at the end of each chapter
 
Written for students of environmental chemistry, environmental science, environmental engineering, geoscience, earth and atmospheric sciences, Chemistry of Environmental Systems: Fundamental Principles and Analytical Methods covers the key aspects and mechanisms of currently identified environmental issues, which can be used to address both current and future environmental problems.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

About the Authors xiii
 
Preface xv
 
Acknowledgments xix
 
Supplementary Material xxi
 
1 Introduction to Environmental Chemistry 1
 
1.1 What is Environmental Chemistry? 1
 
1.2 Anthropogenic Pollution 2
 
1.3 A Planet at Risk 4
 
1.4 Energy, Water, and Population Connections 6
 
1.5 The Need to Understand Environmental Problems 10
 
1.6 Atmosphere-Hydrosphere-Geosphere-Biosphere Linkages 13
 
References 16
 
Study Problems 16
 
2 Atmospheric Composition and Basic Physics 19
 
2.1 Evolution of the Atmosphere 19
 
2.2 Structure and Composition of the Modern Atmosphere 22
 
2.3 Atmospheric Circulation 27
 
2.4 Energy Balance 34
 
2.4.1 Milankovitch Cycles 35
 
2.4.2 Planetary Albedo 38
 
2.4.3 Greenhouse Gases 40
 
2.4.4 Aerosols 43
 
2.5 Global Climate Models 44
 
References 47
 
Study Problems 48
 
3 The Fundamentals of Photochemistry 51
 
3.1 Light and Photochemistry 51
 
3.2 The Laws of Photochemistry 57
 
3.3 Thermochemical and Photochemical Processes 59
 
3.3.1 Activation Energy 60
 
3.3.2 Kinetics 62
 
3.4 Photochemical Deactivation Processes 69
 
References 72
 
Further Reading 72
 
Study Problems 72
 
4 Chemistry of the Stratosphere 75
 
4.1 Structure and Composition of the Stratosphere 75
 
4.2 The Ozone Layer 78
 
4.3 Ozone Formation in the Stratosphere 80
 
4.3.1 The Chapman Cycle 80
 
4.3.2 Term Symbols 81
 
4.3.3 The HOx and NOx Cycles 83
 
4.4 Ozone Depletion 85
 
4.4.1 Chlorofluorocarbons 85
 
4.4.2 The "Ozone Hole" 88
 
4.4.3 Altitude Dependence 90
 
4.4.4 Ozone-Depleting Substances 93
 
4.5 Summary 95
 
References 98
 
Further Reading 99
 
Study Problems 99
 
5 Chemistry of the Troposphere 103
 
5.1 Structure and Composition of the Troposphere 103
 
5.2 History of Smog 105
 
5.3 The Clean Air Act 110
 
5.3.1 Criteria Pollutants 110
 
5.3.2 Non-Criteria Pollutants 112
 
5.4 Formation of Ozone in the Troposphere 113
 
5.4.1 The Photostationary State 113
 
5.4.2 The Hydroxyl Radical 114
 
5.4.3 Hydroxyl Radical Abstraction Reactions 115
 
5.4.4 Hydroxyl Radical Addition Reactions 118
 
5.5 Nitrate Radical and Ozone 121
 
5.6 The Peroxyacyl Nitrates 122
 
5.7 Troposphere-Biosphere Interactions 124
 
References 127
 
Further Reading 128
 
Study Problems 128
 
6 Aerosols and Cloud Chemistry 133
 
6.1 Aerosol Size Distributions 133
 
6.2 Aerosol Sources and Sinks 136
 
6.2.1 Primary Aerosol Emissions 138
 
6.2.2 Secondary Aerosol Formation 140
 
6.2.3 Wet Deposition and Henry's Law 143
 
6.2.4 Dry Deposition 145
 
6.3 Aerosol Lifetimes 148
 
6.4 Determination of Aerosol Sources 151
 
6.5 Aerosol Health Effects 156
 
6.6 Aerosol Visibility and Climate Effects 158
 
6.7 Aqueous Chemistry 164
 
References 165
 
Further Reading 166
 
Study Problems 166
 
7 Analytical Methods for Air Analysis 171
 
7.1 Sampling Methods 172
 
7.2 Gas Species Measurement Methods 175
 
7.2.1 The Oxidants: Ozone, Hydroxyl Radical, Peroxyacyl Nitrates, Peroxides, and Peracids 175
 
7.2.2 The Oxides: Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitric Acid, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrous

Über den Autor / die Autorin

JEFFREY S. GAFFNEY, PHD, is Emeritus Chair and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. Before retiring after 10 years at UALR, he was a senior chemist at three of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Labs (Argonne, Brookhaven, and Los Alamos) for 31 years, and was the Lead Scientist for the DOE Atmospheric Science Program's Megacity Aerosol Experiment ? Mexico City. He served as Chief Scientist and Mentor of the DOE Global Change Education Program. He is internationally known for his work in air and water chemistry and global change research. NANCY A. MARLEY, PHD, is a retired Chemist from Argonne National Laboratory and past Research Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Technology at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. She was a Head Mentor for the DOE Global Change Education Program and held positions as a Senior Chemist at the Florida State Department of Environmental Regulation and the Florida State Childhood Lead Poisoning Program.

Produktdetails

• Autoren: Jeffrey Gaffney, Jeffrey S Gaffney, Jeffrey S. Gaffney, Jeffrey S. Marley Gaffney, Js Gaffney, Gaffney Jeffrey S., Nancy A Marley, Nancy A. Marley, Marley Nancy A.
• Verlag: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Sprache: Englisch
• Produktform: Fester Einband
• Erschienen: 31.10.2019
• EAN: 9781119313403
• ISBN: 978-1-119-31340-3
• Seiten: 576
• Themen: Naturwissenschaften, Medizin, Informatik, Technik > Chemie > Organische Chemie; Chemie, Analytische Chemie, Umweltchemie, Geowissenschaften, chemistry, Earth Sciences, Environmental Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Allg. Geowissenschaften