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Principles of Electrical Safety discusses current issues in electrical safety, which are accompanied by series' of practical applications that can be used by practicing professionals, graduate students, and researchers. .
* Provides extensive introductions to important topics in electrical safety
* Comprehensive overview of inductance, resistance, and capacitance as applied to the human body
* Serves as a preparatory guide for today's practicing engineers
Inhaltsverzeichnis
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF TABLES xxv
PREFACE xxix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxvii
CHAPTER 1 MATHEMATICS USED IN ELECTROMAGNETISM 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Numbers 2
1.3 Mathematical Operations with Vectors 17
1.4 Calculus with Vectors--The Gradient 18
1.5 Divergence, Curl, and Stokes' Theorem 23
1.6 Maxwell's Equations 25
CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE RESISTANCE PROPERTY OF MATERIALS 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Hazards Caused by Electrical Resistance 31
2.3 Resistance and Conductance 38
2.4 Example--Trunk of a Human Body 42
2.5 Example--Limb of a Human Body 43
2.6 Power and Energy Flow 44
2.7 Sheet Resistivity 47
2.8 Example--Square of Dry Skin 48
2.9 Spreading Resistance 48
2.10 Example--Circle of Dry Skin 49
2.11 Particle Conductivity 50
2.12 Examples--Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine Ions 53
2.13 Cable Resistance 53
CHAPTER 3 CAPACITANCE PHENOMENA 59
3.1 Fundamentals of Capacitance 59
3.2 Capacitance and Permittivity 62
3.3 Capacitance in Electrical Circuits 65
3.4 Capacitance of Body Parts 69
3.4.1 Example--Skin Capacitance 69
3.4.2 Example--Capacitance of Trunk and Limb 70
3.5 Electrical Hazards of Capacitance 71
3.6 Capacitance of Cables 72
CHAPTER 4 INDUCTANCE PHENOMENA 74
4.1 Inductance in Electrical Theory 74
4.2 Inductance of Wires 76
4.3 Example--Inductance of a Conductor 76
4.4 Example--Inductance of Trunk and Limb 77
4.5 Inductors or Reactors 77
4.6 Skin Effect 77
4.7 Cable Inductance 81
4.8 Surge Impedance 83
4.9 Bus Bar Impedance Calculations 84
CHAPTER 5 CIRCUIT MODEL OF THE HUMAN BODY 90
5.1 Calculation of Electrical Shock Using the Circuit Model of the Body 90
5.2 Frequency Response of the Human Body 93
CHAPTER 6 EFFECT OF CURRENT ON THE HUMAN BODY 101
6.1 Introduction to Electrical Shock 101
6.2 Human and Animal Sensitivities to Electric Current 102
6.3 Human Body Impedance 104
6.4 Effects of Various Exposure Conditions 107
6.4.1 Bare Feet, Wet Conditions, and Other Variations 107
6.4.2 Shoes and Other Insulated Objects and the Earth 108
6.5 Current Paths Through the Body 108
6.6 Human Response to Electrical Shock Varies with Exposure Conditions, Current Magnitude, and Duration 113
6.7 Medical Imaging and Simulations 114
CHAPTER 7 FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUND GRID DESIGN 118
7.1 Introduction to Ground Grid Design 118
7.2 Summary of Ground Grid Design Procedures 119
7.2.1 Site Survey 119
7.2.2 Conductor Sizing 119
7.2.3 Step and Touch Voltages 122
7.2.4 Ground Grid Layout 124
7.2.5 Ground Resistance Calculation 124
7.2.6 Calculation of Maximum Grid Current 125
7.2.7 Calculation of Ground Potential Rise (GPR) 125
7.2.8 Calculation of Mesh Voltage, Em 125
7.2.9 Calculation of Step Voltage, Es 127
7.2.10 Detailed Design 127
7.3 Example Design from IEEE Standard 80 128
CHAPTER 8 SAFETY ASPECTS OF GROUND GRID OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 138
8.1 Introduction 138
8.2 Effects of High Fault Currents 138
8.3 Damage or Failure of Grounding Equipment 142
8.3.1 Thermal Damage to Conductors Due to Excessive Short-Circuit Currents 142
8.3.2 Connector Damage D
Über den Autor / die Autorin
Peter E. Sutherland serves as lead consultant at GE Energy Services, in Schenectady, New York. He has a PhD in Electric Power Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He is a well-respected industry expert who has taught several courses on the topic. He is a fellow of IEEE.
Zusammenfassung
Principles of Electrical Safety discusses current issues in electrical safety, which are accompanied by series of practical applications that can be used by practicing professionals, graduate students, and researchers. .
