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Informationen zum Autor Dr Martin Brennan is an analytical scientist of 30 years standing with considerable experience in atomic spectroscopy. He has a M.Sc. in analytical science from Queens University, Belfast and a Ph.D in atomic spectroscopy and electroanalytical techniques from University College Cork, Ireland. He has considerable experience in the analysis of a wide range of samples particularly organic type samples and is currently employed with Henkel Ireland Ltd., manufacturers of adhesives and other organic compounds. He holds the position of Hon. Sec. of the Republic of Ireland sub-region Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Klappentext There has been significant expansion in the application of atomic spectrographic techniques in recent years, which has brought with it the need to provide more flexible methods to a wider range of samples, particularly non-aqueous samples. This book compares the traditional and improved methods in the analysis of non-aqueous samples for elemental analyses by atomic emission spectroscopic methods whilst describing procedures that will attempt to improve sample preparation methods. Zusammenfassung There has been significant expansion in the application of atomic spectrographic techniques in recent years, which has brought with it the need to provide more flexible methods to a wider range of samples, particularly non-aqueous samples. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xiii Biography xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 A Practical Approach to Quantitative Metal Analysis of Organic Matrices Using ICP-OES 1 1.1 Introduction and Basic Overview 1 1.2 Schematic Representation of the Energies Generated by Atomic Spectroscopic Methods 4 1.3 Excitation Energy (Quantum Theory and Atomic Spectra) 5 1.4 Ionisation Energy and Number of Excited Atoms 7 1.5 Width of Atomic Lines 9 1.5.1 Natural Broadening 9 1.5.2 Doppler Broadening 9 1.5.3 Lorentzian Broadening or Pressure Broadening 9 1.5.4 Holtsmark Broadening or Resonance Broadening 11 1.5.5 Field Broadening or Stark Broadening 11 1.5.6 Self-Absorption and Self-Reversal Broadening 11 1.6 Brief Summary of Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques Used for Elemental Analysis 12 1.6.1 The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 12 1.6.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy 13 1.6.3 Direct Current Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (DCP-OES) 13 1.6.4 Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP) 14 1.6.5 Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES) 15 1.6.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) 15 1.7 Summary: Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy 16 References 18 2 Instrumentations Associated with Atomic Spectroscopy 21 2.1 Instrumentation 21 2.2 Types of Plasma Sources 24 2.2.1 Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrograph 25 2.2.2 Microwave Induced Plasma 25 2.2.3 Optical Emission Spectroscopy 26 2.3 Sample Introduction Systems 30 2.3.1 Mechanical Transfer of Sample/Standards Using Peristaltic Pump, Pressure Valves, Motorised Syringes, etc. 31 2.3.2 Nebulisers 31 2.3.3 Brief Outline of Atomic Spectroscopy Hyphenated Systems 39 2.4 Spray Chambers 43 2.5 ICP-OES Torches 45 2.6 Optics 49 2.6.1 Grating Orders 51 2.7 Signal Detectors 53 2.7.1 Photomultiplier Tubes 53 2.7.2 Charge Coupled Devices 55 References 58 3 Methodologies of Metal Analysis of Organic Matrices Using ICP-OES 59 3.1 Sample Preparation Techniques and Methods of Analysis 59 3.2 Defining Goals 60 3.3 Steps in Chemical Analytical Protocol 61 3.4 Sampling and its Importance 62 3.5 Sample Preparation Methods 63 3.5.1 Direct Analysis of Organic Solutions 64 3.5.2 Sample Diss...
