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The history of medicine has been substantially defined by a small number of monumental discoveries. Most of these breakthroughs have emerged from the biological sciences. One of the first great breakthroughs was the recognition by Koch in 1884 that pathogens could be transmitted from one living organism to another to cause disease. This profound concept led to a revolution in the approach to patient care that ultimately led to introduction of "sterile" techniques that greatly improved survivals of patients. This knowledge promoted the discovery of antibiotics 40 years later, which dramatically increased life expectancy throughout the more developed parts of the world. Another great milestone that has influenced medical care was the use of anesthesia for surgery, which was first introduced in 1846. Collectively, these three discoveries armed physicians with the knowledge and means to substantially reduce the prevalence of infectious disease, which was and still remains the leading cause of death throughout the world, and to perform a much wider range of surgeries with greatly improved survivals. The improved li- expectancies enabled the medical community to focus on a wider range of medical problems and solutions to disease.
Sommario
Retinal Prosthetic Devices.- Spatial-, Temporal-, and Contrast-Resolutions Obtainable With Retina Implants.- How to Restore Reading With Visual Prostheses.- Subretinal Artificial Silicon Retina Microchip Implantation in Retinitis Pigmentosa.- Development of an Intraocular Retinal Prosthesis to Benefit the Visually Impaired.- Development of a Visual Prosthesis.- The Minimally Invasive Retina Implant Project.- A Retinal Implant System Based on Flexible Polymer Microelectrode Array for Electrical Stimulation.- Electrode Architecture.- Circuit Designs That Model the Properties of the Outer and Inner Retina.- Visual Cortex and Extraocular Retinal Stimulation With Surface Electrode Arrays.- Glaucoma Drainage Devices.- The Efficacy and Safety of Glaucoma Drainage Devices.- Pellucid Marginal Corneal Degeneration.- Artisan Toric Lens Implantation for Correction of Postkeratoplasty Astigmatism.- Phakic Intraocular Lenses for the Treatment of High Myopia.- A Telescope Prosthetic Device for Patients With End-Stage AMD.- The Use of Intracorneal Ring Segments for Keratoconus.
Riassunto
The history of medicine has been substantially defined by a small number of monumental discoveries. Most of these breakthroughs have emerged from the biological sciences. One of the first great breakthroughs was the recognition by Koch in 1884 that pathogens could be transmitted from one living organism to another to cause disease. This profound concept led to a revolution in the approach to patient care that ultimately led to introduction of “sterile” techniques that greatly improved survivals of patients. This knowledge promoted the discovery of antibiotics 40 years later, which dramatically increased life expectancy throughout the more developed parts of the world. Another great milestone that has influenced medical care was the use of anesthesia for surgery, which was first introduced in 1846. Collectively, these three discoveries armed physicians with the knowledge and means to substantially reduce the prevalence of infectious disease, which was and still remains the leading cause of death throughout the world, and to perform a much wider range of surgeries with greatly improved survivals. The improved li- expectancies enabled the medical community to focus on a wider range of medical problems and solutions to disease.
