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This book focuses on microbial prevention, the employment of specific segregated microorganisms which can be environmental-friendly and efficient technique for both prevention and degradation of wax in pipelines and during enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The demand for oil and gas as a primary source of energy is expected to reach to about 110 million barrels per day by 2040. Discovery of new conventional oil fields has declined, while its demand has risen rapidly in the last decade as crude oil still remains the primary source of energy. Hence, oil industries face a challenge of increasing production and transportation of crude oil from reservoirs which are unconventional. Reservoir to refinery transportation of heavy and waxy crude oils requires more technical expertise due its high viscosity, high asphaltene, and paraffin content along with wax deposition and agglomeration of wax on the inner walls of the pipelines and equipments.
This book also boosts the knowledge of students, researchers, scientists, professors, engineers, and professionals who aspire to work in the field of petroleum engineering and related fields of oil production and transportation, environmental science, environmental biotechnology, environmental microbiology, civil/environmental engineering, eco-toxicology, and other relevant areas of sustainable technologies by helping them understand all the necessary technicalities of organic deposition phenomenon, i.e., cause, process, problems arising due to deposition, detection of the parameters responsible for the deposition, mitigation and most importantly, and its eradication.
Sommario
The chemistry of wax formation, agglomeration and deposition in crude oils.- Challenges during production, storage and transportation of waxy and heavy crude oils due to organic deposition.- Renewable and eco-friendly biosurfactants for potential applications in enhanced oil recovery: current state and future perspectives.- Microbial oxidation mechanism and their application to inhibit and degrade petroleum hydrocarbons depositions in an environment friendly aspect.- Selectively isolated biodegradable bacteria for deprivation of organic deposits in oil and gas industries.- Potential ecological paraffin and wax degrading bacterial strains and their characterizations.- Isolated recyclable environmental friendly surfactants for potential degradation of waxes and paraffins in oil and gas industries.- Applications of recyclable environmental friendly fungi in the degradation of paraffin, waxes and asphaltenes in oil and gas industries.- Use of environmentally-safe microalgae for the degradation of organic deposit in crude oil pipelines and equipments.- Mitigation and degradation of organic deposit in crude oil pipelines and equipments by aerobic and anaerobic microorganism in an environmental friendly and ecological manner.- Organic deposits in oil and gas industries as significant flow assurance problem and their enzyme-assisted eco friendly biodegradation.- Advanced environmental nanotechnology for the degradation waxes, asphaltenes and paraffins in oil and gas industries.- Application of non-pathogenic fungi in enhanced oil recovery.- Production impact due deposition of hydrocarbons in oil and gas industries.- The relation of different operating, climatic and chemical parameters with organic deposition in pipelines and equipments in oil and gas industries and their impact on the environment.
