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An introduction to the physical principles underlying Earth remote sensing.
The development of spaceborne remote sensing technology has led to a new understanding of the complexity of our planet by allowing us to observe Earth and its environments on spatial and temporal scales that are unavailable to terrestrial sensors.
Remote Sensing Physics: An Introduction to Observing Earth from Space is a graduate-level text that examines the underlying physical principles and techniques used to make remote measurements, along with the algorithms used to extract geophysical information from those measurements.
Volume highlights include:
* Basis for Earth remote sensing including ocean, land, and atmosphere
* Description of satellite orbits relevant for Earth observations
* Physics of passive sensing, including infrared, optical and microwave imagers
* Physics of active sensing, including radars and lidars
* Overview of current and future Earth observation missions
* Compendium of resources including an extensive bibliography
* Sample problem sets and answers available to instructors
The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Sommario
Preface xiii
Acronyms xv
1 Introduction to Remote Sensing 1
1.1 How Remote Sensing Works 4
References 9
2 Satellite Orbits 11
2.1 Computation of Elliptical Orbits 15
2.2 Low Earth Orbits 16
2.3 Geosynchronous Orbits 23
2.4 Molniya Orbit 28
2.5 Satellite Orbit Prediction 29
2.6 Satellite Orbital Trade-offs 29
References 31
3 Infrared Sensing 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Radiometry 34
3.3 Radiometric Sensor Response 37
3.3.1 Derivation 37
3.3.2 Example Sensor Response Calculations 40
3.3.3 Response of a Sensor with a Partially-Filled FOV 40
3.4 Blackbody Radiation 41
3.4.1 Planck's Radiation Law 41
3.4.2 Microwave Blackbody 42
3.4.3 Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Limits 43
3.4.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law 43
3.4.5 Wein's Displacement Law 44
3.4.6 Emissivity 44
3.4.7 Equivalent Blackbody Temperature 44
3.5 IR Sea Surface Temperature 45
3.5.1 Contributors to Infrared Measurements 45
3.5.2 Correction of Low-Altitude Infrared Measurements 46
3.5.3 Correction of High-Altitude Infrared Measurements 48
3.6 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer 49
3.7 Propagation in Seawater 54
3.8 Smooth Surface Reflectance 58
3.9 Rough Surface Reflectance 60
3.10 Ocean Thermal Boundary Layer 63
3.11 Operational SST Measurements 66
3.11.1 AVHRR Instrument 66
3.11.2 AVHRR Processing 68
3.11.3 AVHRR SST Algorithms 70
3.11.4 Example AVHRR Images 71
3.11.5 VIIRS Instrument 73
3.11.6 SST Accuracy 75
3.11.7 Applications 77
3.12 Land Temperature - Theory 77
3.13 Operational Land Temperature 80
3.14 Terrestrial Evapotranspiration 86
3.15 Geologic Remote Sensing 87
3.15.1 Linear Mixture Theory and Spectral Unmixing 90
3.16 Atmospheric Sounding 91
References 95
4 Optical Sensing - Ocean Color 99
4.1 Introduction to Ocean Color 99
4.2 Fresnel Reflection 103
4.3 Skylight 106
4.4 Water-Leaving Radiance 107
4.5 Water Column Reflectance 110
4.5.1 Pure Seawater 112
4.5.2 Case 1 Waters 113
4.5.3 Case 2 Waters 114
4.6 Remote Sensing Reflectance 115
4.7 Ocean Color Data - Case 1 Water 117
4.7.1 Other Uses of Ocean Color 118
4.8 Atmospheric Corrections 119
4.9 Ocean Color Satellite Sensors 124
4.9.1 General History 124
4.9.2 SeaWiFS 126
4.9.3 MODIS 130
4.9.4 VIIRS 133
4.10 Ocean Chlorophyll Fluorescence 135
References 140
5 Optical Sensing - Land Surfaces 143
5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Radiation over a Lambertian Surface 143
5.3 Atmospheric Corrections 147
5.4 Scattering from Vegetation 147
5.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 153
5.6 Vegetation Condition and Temperature Condition Indices 158
5.7 Vegetation Indices from Hyperspectral Data 159
5.8 Landsat Satellites 161
5.9 High-resolution EO sensors 164
5.9.1 Introduction 164
5.9.2 First-Generation Systems 164
5.9.3 Second-Generation Systems 168
5.9.4 Third-Generation Systems 172
5.9.5 Commercial Smallsat Systems 174
References 176
6 Microwave Radiometry 179
6.1 Introduction to Microwave Radiomet
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Rick Chapman, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, USA
Richard Gasparovic, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Ret.), USA
