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THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER COMPOSITES
The monograph represents a life-long career in industry and academia and creates an exhaustive and comprehensive narrative that gives a complete understanding of important and state-of-the-art aspects of polymer composites including processing, properties, performance, applications & recyclability.
Based on 40 years' experience in both industry and academia, the author's goal is to make a comprehensive and up-to-date account that gives a complete understanding of various aspects of polymer composites covering processing, properties, performance, applications & recyclability.
Divided into 8 main chapters, the book treats thermoplastics vs. thermosets and the processing of thermoplastics; filled polymer composites; short fiber reinforced composites; long fiber reinforced composites; continuous fiber reinforced composites; nanocomposites; applications; and recycling polymer composites.
Readers can have confidence that:
* Thermoplastic Polymer Composites (TPC) gives a comprehensive understanding of polymer composites' processing, properties, applications, and their recyclability;
* Provides a complete understanding of man-made as well as natural fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and explores in depth how short fiber, long fiber, and continuous fiber can transform the entire domain of composites' processing and properties;
* Provides a deep understanding of nanocomposites with more than 50 examples covering both commodities as well as engineering thermoplastics. It presents conducting composites and several bio-medical applications of composites that are already passed through laboratories.
Audience
This unique reference book will be of great value to researchers and postgraduate students in materials science, polymer science, as well industry engineers in plastics manufacturing. Those working in product development laboratories of polymer and allied industries will also find it helpful.
Sommario
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
1 Introduction: Technical Background 1
S.F. Xavier
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 Thermoplastics Vs. Thermoset Matrices 3
1.2 Composite Materials 4
1.3 Processing 6
1.3.1 Various Processing Methods 7
1.3.1.1 Historical Evolution 7
1.3.2 Extrusion 8
1.3.2.1 Single Screw Extruder 8
1.3.2.2 Twin Screw Extruder 11
1.3.3 Injection Molding 19
1.3.3.1 The Injection Molding Process 21
1.3.3.2 Effects on Composite Structure & Properties 23
1.3.4 Compression Molding 25
1.3.5 Other Methods of Preparation 27
1.3.5.1 Autoclaving 27
1.3.5.2 Automated Fiber Placement 28
1.3.6 Proprietary Thermoplastic Process 28
1.3.6.1 Stamping 29
1.3.6.2 Compression Molding 29
1.4 Test Methods 29
1.4.1 Mechanical Properties 29
1.4.1.A Low Speed Mechanical Properties 29
1.4.1.B High-Speed Mechanical Properties 41
1.4.1.C Impact Strength 41
1.4.2 Fracture Toughness (K IC) 44
1.4.2.1 Fracture Mechanics Testing 48
1.4.2.2 Mechanisms of Matrix Toughening 51
1.4.3 Electrical Properties 53
1.4.3.1 Methods of Measurement 53
1.4.3.2 Factors Affecting Electrical Properties 56
1.4.4 Thermal Properties 57
1.4.4.1 Thermal Resistance (R) 57
1.4.4.2 Thermal Conductivity (lambda) 57
1.4.4.3 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) 60
1.4.4.4 Vicat Softening Point 63
1.4.4.5 Low Temperature Brittle Point 65
1.4.4.6 Melt and Crystallization Parameters (Using DSC) 69
1.4.5 Thermal Degradation (Using TGA) 77
1.4.5.1 Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Homopolymer (PPHP) (Using TGA) 77
1.4.6 Optical Properties 79
1.4.6.1 Sample Preparations Techniques 81
1.4.6.2 Methods of Measurement 83
1.4.6.3 Transparency in Polypropylene 85
1.5 Electron Microscopy 86
1.5.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 88
1.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 88
1.5.2.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for TEM and SEM 89
1.6 Concluding Remarks 90
References 90
2 Filled Polymer Composites 101
S.F. Xavier
2.1 Filled Polymer Composites 101
2.1.1 Particulate/Flake Filled Polymer Composites 101
2.1.1.1 Introduction 101
2.1.2 Particulate/Flake Filled HDPE Composites 102
2.1.2.1 History of HDPE 102
2.1.2.2 HDPE Composites With Inorganic Fillers 103
2.1.2.3 HDPE Composites with Organic Fillers 117
2.1.2.4 Organic & Inorganic Filler Combinations 117
2.1.2.5 HDPE Composites with Agro Fillers 118
2.1.2.6 Filled Composites with HDPE Blends as Matrices 124
2.1.3 Particulate/Flake Filled Polypropylene Composites 125
2.1.3.1 History of Polypropylene (PP) 125
2.1.3.2 PP Composites with Inorganic Fillers 126
2.1.3.3 PP Composites with Organic Fillers 130
2.1.3.4 PP Composites with Agro Fillers 130
2.1.4 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP Composites 146
2.1.4.1 Filled PP Composites Preparation 146
2.1.4.2 Skin-Core Morphology/via Flake Orientation Measurements 147
2.1.5 Fracture Toughness (K1c ) Measurements at -30, 25 and 80 °C 151
2.1.5.1 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP at -30, 25 and 80 °C 152
2.1.5.2 Specific Modulus Variation 156
2.1.5.3 Fractography 158
2.1.5.4 Coupling Agents and Interfacial Adhesion 164
2.2 Table-1: E
Info autore
Sodagudi Francis Xavier worked as a scientist for more than 35 years at the R&D Center of Reliance Industries Ltd., Vadodara Manufacturing Division, which was also known as I.P.C.L. (Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd.). He developed High Impact Polyolefin Blend Technology that was transferred to and used by Maruti Udyog Ltd. in their cars. After he received his PhD from I.I.T. Delhi in 1979, he worked as a temporary faculty member in the Center for Materials Science & Technology, I.I.T. Delhi for over 3 years. He received the award 'Visionary Inventor 2006' from MarkPatent.Org, for his patents (2 US Patents and 6 Indian Patents granted), as well as his work at Parul University as Director (R&D), where he led faculty and students to file 150 Patents and Copyrights and took Parul University to seventh position among all Indian Educational Institutes, as declared by the Indian Patent Office, in 2014.
