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This book discusses the different energy sources bringing about fires, explosions, and detonations in combustibles under different levels of confinement. Focus is on the initiation source for a combustible whether it is a gas, a liquid, or a solid in a given state of confinement. Incidents of oxygen-related fires in hospitals which were particularly evident with increased usage of oxygen therapy for the extremely ill COVID-19 patients in 2021 are discussed with details of formation, accumulation, and dissipation of charges and their discharges leading to fires and explosions. Sympathetic detonations, BLEVE explosions, cook-off tests of combustibles, the inadvertent ignition sources (threats), and their control are discussed. Sporadic Ignition of wildfires in a heat dome augmented by the reflection of expansion disturbances from the interfaces separating media of different acoustic impedances are explored. Spontaneous human combustion, pilot ignition, shock wave ignition, ignition of fuel droplets and conditions under which fires, explosions, and detonations take place are discussed. Different ways of mitigating the inadvertent initiation of explosions and detonations are given at the end.
Sommario
1. Preliminary Concepts and Introduction.- 2. Thermal Ignition Energy Sources.- 3. Chemical Ignition Energy Sources.- 4. Electrostatic Ignition Energy Sources.- 5. Shock Waves as Energy Sources.- 6. Electromagnetic Radiation Ignition Sources.- 7. Ignition of Solid Combustibles.- 8. Ignition Sources for Detonation of Solid Explosives.- 9. Ignition of Liquid Fuels and Explosives.- 10. Ignition Sources for Gaseous Combustibles.- 11. Unanticipated Thermal Ignition Sources.- 12. Shock Wave and Impact Threats for Solid Explosives.- Appendix A: Temperature in a Shock Wave Propagating at Constant velocity.- Appendix B: Acoustic Impedance and Confinement.- Appendix C: Ignition and Burning of Heavy Fuel Oil Surrounded by Oxidizing Vapor.
Info autore
Prof. K. Ramamurthi was Deputy Director at the Indian Space Research Organization and subsequently Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. He obtained Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in 1976 from McGill University, Montreal after a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, in 1970. He has been teaching courses and guiding research work on thermodynamics, combustion, propulsion, gas dynamics, and explosion and safety. He has been on several committees and panels on propulsion, combustion, and shock waves and the chairman of the Combustion, Detonics, and Shock Wave Panel of the Defense Research and Development Organization. He is an Honorary Fellow of the High Energy Materials Society. He has authored books on Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Rocket Propulsion, Modeling Explosions and Blast Waves and published about a hundred papers in refereed journals.
