Ulteriori informazioni
The Navajo language is spoken by the Navajo people who live in the Navajo Nation, located in Arizona and New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The Navajo language belongs to the Southern, or Apachean, branch of the Athabaskan language family. Athabaskan languages are closely related by their shared morphological structure; these languages have a productive and extensive inflectional morphology. The Northern Athabaskan languages are primarily spoken by people indigenous to the sub-artic stretches of North America. Related Apachean languages are the Athabaskan languages of the Southwest: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, White Mountain and Mescalero Apache. While many other languages, like English, have benefited from decades of research on their sound and speech systems, instrumental analyses of indigenous languages are relatively rare. There is a great deal ofwork to do before a chapter on the acoustics of Navajo comparable to the standard acoustic description of English can be produced. The kind of detailed phonetic description required, for instance, to synthesize natural sounding speech, or to provide a background for clinical studies in a language is well beyond the scope of a single study, but it is necessary to begin this greater work with a fundamental description of the sounds and supra-segmental structure of the language. Inkeeping with this, the goal of this project is to provide a baseline description of the phonetic structure of Navajo, as it is spoken on the Navajo reservation today, to provide a foundation for further work on the language.
Sommario
1 Introduction.- 1.0 The Navajo Sound System.- 1.1 The Navajo Inventory.- 1.2 Vowels.- 1.3 Phonotactics and Phonemes.- 1.4 The Young and Morgan Grammars.- 1.5 The Conventions Used in the Book.- 1.6 Methods and Data Sets.- 1.7 Outline of the Book.- 2 Morphology.- 2.0 Introduction.- 2.1 Athabaskan Word Structure.- 2.2 The Position Class Template.- 2.3 The Athabaskan Verb.- 2.4 The Disjunct Domain.- 2.5 The Conjunct or Auxiliary Domain.- 2.6 The Verb Domain.- 2.7 Athabaskan Terminology.- 2.8 Summary.- 3 Phonology.- 3.0 Introduction.- 3.1 Phonotactics.- 3.2 Syllable Structure.- 3.3 Consonant Harmony.- 3.4 Fricative and Glide Reflexes.- 3.5 Conjunct Alternations.- 3.6 Boundary Effects.- 3.7 Metathesis of J.- 3.8 Conclusion.- 4 Duration and Timing.- 4.0 Introduction.- 4.1 Domain Durations.- 4.2 Duration Patterns in the Stems.- 4.3 Conjunct and Disjunct Durations.- 4.4 Vowel Length by Domain.- 4.5 Stress in the Verb.- 4.6 Overview of Duration Factors and the Navajo Verb.- 5 Spectral Analyses.- 5.0 Introduction.- 5.1 Navajo Vowels.- 5.2 The Fricative Contrasts.- 5.3 The Back Fricative.- 5.4 Summary of Fricatives.- 6 How to use Young and Morgan's The Navajo Language.- 6.0 Introduction.- 6.1 The Young and Morgan Grammars.- 6.2 The Grammar.- 6.3 The Appendixes.- 6.4 The Dictionary.- 6.5 Summary.- 7 Conclusion.- 7.0 The Navajo Sound System.- Appendix A: Navajo Wordlists.- Wordlist 1: Phonemic Contrasts.- Wordlist 2. Tone Contrasts.- Wordlist 3 Pre-stem Complex.- Index of Subjects.
Riassunto
The Navajo language is spoken by the Navajo people who live in the Navajo Nation, located in Arizona and New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The Navajo language belongs to the Southern, or Apachean, branch of the Athabaskan language family. Athabaskan languages are closely related by their shared morphological structure; these languages have a productive and extensive inflectional morphology. The Northern Athabaskan languages are primarily spoken by people indigenous to the sub-artic stretches of North America. Related Apachean languages are the Athabaskan languages of the Southwest: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, White Mountain and Mescalero Apache. While many other languages, like English, have benefited from decades of research on their sound and speech systems, instrumental analyses of indigenous languages are relatively rare. There is a great deal ofwork to do before a chapter on the acoustics of Navajo comparable to the standard acoustic description of English can be produced. The kind of detailed phonetic description required, for instance, to synthesize natural sounding speech, or to provide a background for clinical studies in a language is well beyond the scope of a single study, but it is necessary to begin this greater work with a fundamental description of the sounds and supra-segmental structure of the language. Inkeeping with this, the goal of this project is to provide a baseline description of the phonetic structure of Navajo, as it is spoken on the Navajo reservation today, to provide a foundation for further work on the language.
Testo aggiuntivo
From the review by Daniel L. Everett, Illinois State University, published in Language 83 (2007): "This book was a pleasure to read. It is laid out well, the spectrograms are clear, and the writing is clear and well-organized. I strongly recommend NSS [The Navajo Sound System] to all Americanists as an example of the kind of detail and care that - in an ideal world - should be standard in all efforts to document and describe Native American Languages."
Relazione
From the review by Daniel L. Everett, Illinois State University, published in Language 83 (2007): "This book was a pleasure to read. It is laid out well, the spectrograms are clear, and the writing is clear and well-organized. I strongly recommend NSS [The Navajo Sound System] to all Americanists as an example of the kind of detail and care that - in an ideal world - should be standard in all efforts to document and describe Native American Languages."
