Contact Lenses - Chemicals, Methods, and Applications

CONTACT LENSES
 
The book focuses on the chemistry and properties of contact lenses and their fabrication methods.
 
With research & development continuing in the field, this comprehensive book takes a look at the last 10 years in terms of new materials, chemistry methods, applications, and fabrication techniques. New applications include drug delivery, lenses for augmented reality, electronic contact lenses, and wearable smart contact lenses.
 
In addition, the book discusses simulation methods for contact lenses, such as ocular topography parameters, gas permeable lenses, and computerized videokeratography. On the fabrication front, several common fabrication methods for contact lenses are detailed, including the computer-aided contact lens design, methods for the fabrication of colored contact lenses, and the fabrication of decentered contact lenses. Special processes are reviewed, including, mold processes, reactive ion etching, electrospinning, and others. Also discussed are the properties of contact lenses and methods for the measurement. Many of the standard methods are discussed, but other issues are taken up too including a discussion on the assessment of cytotoxic effects, the Schirmer tear test, and others. The book concludes with a chapter detailing the possible medical problems related to contact lenses and how to avoid them. These include eye diseases, allergic and toxic reactions, as well as methods for medical treatment such as disinfection agents.
 
Audience
 
The book will be used by chemists, polymer scientists, ophthalmologists, engineers in the contact lens industry as well as polymer industries.

Sommario

Preface xi
 
1 Types of Lenses 1
 
1.1 History of Contact Lenses 1
 
1.2 Materials 3
 
1.3 Monomers 3
 
1.3.1 Monomers for Block Copolymers 3
 
1.3.2 Silicone Acrylamides 7
 
1.4 Soft Lenses 13
 
1.4.1 Hydrogels 13
 
1.4.2 PVA Hydrogel 48
 
1.4.3 Clear Contact Lenses 48
 
1.5 Water Absorbable Formulations 49
 
1.6 Bandage Contact Lenses 53
 
1.6.1 Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens 53
 
1.7 Functional Contact Lenses 56
 
1.7.1 Remote Health Monitoring 56
 
1.7.2 Graphene Oxide Nanocolloids 60
 
1.7.3 Diabetic Diagnosis 61
 
1.7.4 Target Analyte Sensing 66
 
1.7.5 Adaptive Tuning 71
 
1.7.6 Wireless Communication 72
 
1.7.7 Glucose Biosensors 76
 
1.7.8 Cancer Detection 78
 
1.8 Scleral Contact Lenses 78
 
1.8.1 Fabrication of Scleral Lenses 79
 
1.8.2 Scleral Lens Fitting 82
 
1.8.3 Ocular Drug Delivery Systems 83
 
1.9 Multifocal Contact Lenses 83
 
1.9.1 Bifocal Contact Lenses 83
 
1.9.2 Silicone Hydrogels 85
 
1.9.3 Non-Silicone Hydrogels 89
 
1.9.4 Tilted-Wear Type Contact Lenses 93
 
1.9.5 Neutral Density Filters 94
 
1.10 Augmented Reality Contact Lens Systems 95
 
1.10.1 Electronic Contact Lenses 96
 
1.10.2 Smart Contact Lenses 96
 
1.10.3 Wearable Smart Contact Lenses 97
 
1.10.4 Collimated Light-Emitting Diodes 98
 
1.11 Siloxane Macromers 99
 
1.11.1 Silicone Urethane Polymers 102
 
1.12 Oxygen-Permeable Lenses 107
 
1.12.1 Extended Wear Lenses 107
 
1.12.2 Structures for Thick Payloads 115
 
1.13 Natural Protein Polymer Contact Lenses 118
 
1.14 Ultrathin Coating 119
 
1.15 Anti-Biofouling Contact Lenses 121
 
1.15.1 Phosphorylcholine 121
 
1.15.2 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate 125
 
1.15.3 Chitosan 127
 
1.16 Drug Delivery via Hydrogel Contact Lenses 129
 
1.16.1 Hydrogels with Phosphate Groups 129
 
1.16.2 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery 131
 
1.17 Simulation Methods 133
 
1.17.1 Ocular Topography Parameters 133
 
1.17.2 Rigid Gas-Permeable Lenses 134
 
1.17.3 Computerized Videokeratography 134
 
References 135
 
2 Fabrication Methods 149
 
2.1 Computer-Aided Contact Lens Design and Fabrication 149
 
2.1.1 Spline-Based Mathematical Surfaces 149
 
2.1.2 Corneal Refractive Therapy Program 152
 
2.2 Contact Lenses with Selective Spectral Blocking 154
 
2.3 Colored Contact Lenses 156
 
2.3.1 Hard Colored Contact Lenses 157
 
2.4 Decentered Contact Lenses 161
 
2.5 Stabilized Contact Lenses 162
 
2.6 Additive Manufacturing 163
 
2.7 Mold Process 164
 
2.7.1 Injection Molding 164
 
2.7.2 Cast Molding 166
 
2.7.3 Two-Part Mold Assembly 168
 
2.8 Reactive Ion Etching 170
 
2.9 Electrospinning 172
 
2.9.1 Creating Electrospun Contact Lens Structures 172
 
2.9.2 Electrospinning Controlled Polymer Fibril Matrices 174
 
2.9.3 Electrospinning of a Prepolymer Solution 175
 
2.10 Rigid Plastic Lenses 183
 
2.10.1 Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses 183
 
2.11 Soft Plastic Lenses 184
 
2.11.1 Layer-by-Layer Deposition 184
 
2.11.2 Electron-Beam Irradiation Polymerization 191
 
2.11.3 Shaping and Cutting 192
 
2.12 Coating Methods 195
 
2.12.1 Zwitterionic Coating 195
 
2.12.2 Antibacterial Nanocoating 196
 
2.13 Disinfecti

Info autore

Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 30 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published 20 books on physical chemistry and polymer science with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint, including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers, The Chemistry of Bio-based Polymers, 2nd edition, 3D Industrial Printing with Polymers, The Chemistry of Environmental Engineering and Flame Retardants.

Riassunto

CONTACT LENSES

The book focuses on the chemistry and properties of contact lenses and their fabrication methods.

With research & development continuing in the field, this comprehensive book takes a look at the last 10 years in terms of new materials, chemistry methods, applications, and fabrication techniques. New applications include drug delivery, lenses for augmented reality, electronic contact lenses, and wearable smart contact lenses.

In addition, the book discusses simulation methods for contact lenses, such as ocular topography parameters, gas permeable lenses, and computerized videokeratography. On the fabrication front, several common fabrication methods for contact lenses are detailed, including the computer-aided contact lens design, methods for the fabrication of colored contact lenses, and the fabrication of decentered contact lenses. Special processes are reviewed, including, mold processes, reactive ion etching, electrospinning, and others. Also discussed are the properties of contact lenses and methods for the measurement. Many of the standard methods are discussed, but other issues are taken up too including a discussion on the assessment of cytotoxic effects, the Schirmer tear test, and others. The book concludes with a chapter detailing the possible medical problems related to contact lenses and how to avoid them. These include eye diseases, allergic and toxic reactions, as well as methods for medical treatment such as disinfection agents.

Audience

The book will be used by chemists, polymer scientists, ophthalmologists, engineers in the contact lens industry as well as polymer industries.

Dettagli sul prodotto

• Autori: Jk Fink, Johannes Karl Fink, Johannes Karl (Montanuniversitat Leoben Fink, Johannes Karl (University of Leoben Fink, Fink Johannes Karl
• Editore: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Lingue: Inglese
• Formato: Copertina rigida
• Pubblicazione: 28.02.2022
• EAN: 9781119857358
• ISBN: 978-1-119-85735-8
• Pagine: 464
• Categorie: Scienze naturali, medicina, informatica, tecnica > Chimica; Medizin, Kontaktlinse, Ophthalmologie, Materialwissenschaften, Polymerwissenschaft, Materials science, Polymer Science & Technology, Polymerwissenschaft u. -technologie, Allg. Polymerwissenschaft u. -technologie, Optische u. Nichtlineare Optische Materialien, Optical and Non-Linear Optical Materials, Medical Science, Ophthalmologie u. Optometrie, Ophthalmology & Optometry