Life in the Open Ocean - The Biology of Pelagic Species

Life in the Open Ocean
 
Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species provides in-depth coverage of the different marine animal groups that form the communities inhabiting the ocean's pelagic realm. This comprehensive resource explores the physical environment, foraging strategies, energetics, locomotion, sensory mechanisms, global and vertical distributions, special adaptations, and other characteristics of a wide array of marine taxa.
 
Bringing together the most recent information available in a single volume, authors Joseph J. Torres and Thomas G. Bailey cover the Cnidaria (stinging jellies), the ctenophores (comb jellies), pelagic nemerteans, pelagic annelids, crustaceans, cephalopods and pelagic gastropods, invertebrate chordates, as well as micronektonic and larger fishes such as sharks, tunas, mackerels, and mahi-mahi. Detailed chapters on each pelagic group describe internal and external anatomy, classification and history, feeding and digestion, bioluminescent systems and their function, reproduction and development, respiration, excretion, nervous systems, and more. The first book of its kind to address all of the major animal groups comprising both the swimmers and drifters of the open sea, this important resource:
* Explains how different animals have adapted to live in the open-ocean environment
* Covers all sensory mechanisms of animals living in the pelagic habitat, including photoreception, mechanoreception, and chemoreception
* Treats the diverse micronekton assemblage as a community
* Includes a thorough introduction to the physical oceanography and properties of water in the pelagic realm
 
Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species is an excellent senior-level undergraduate and graduate textbook for courses in biology and biological oceanography, and a valuable reference for all those with interest in open-ocean biology.

Sommario

Preface xviii
 
Acknowledgments xx
 
1 Physics and the Physical Environment 1
 
The Vastness of the Open Ocean 2
 
The Properties of Water 2
 
Density 4
 
Viscosity 5
 
Reynolds Number 6
 
Drag 7
 
Temperature 8
 
The Oceans and Ocean Basins 9
 
Ocean Circulation 10
 
Surface Currents: Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow 10
 
Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow 15
 
Upwelling 16
 
Deep-Ocean Circulation 16
 
Water Masses 18
 
Oxygen 24
 
Pressure 24
 
Sound 26
 
Light 29
 
Absorption and Scattering 31
 
Traditional Depth Zones in the Ocean 33
 
Concluding Thoughts 34
 
References 35
 
2 Physiological Accommodation to Environmental Challenges 36
 
Temperature 37
 
Terms 38
 
Temperature Effects on Survival: The Tolerance Polygon 39
 
Temperature Effects on Rate Processes - The Q10 Approximation 41
 
Patterns of Thermal Acclimation 43
 
Climatic Adaptation in Ectotherms 44
 
Temperature Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Concentration: The Quantitative Strategy for Short-term Change 47
 
Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Quality - Isozymes, Allozymes, and Temperature Adaptation 47
 
What Properties of Enzymes Can Be Changed? 51
 
Lipids and Temperature 53
 
A Membrane Primer 54
 
Pressure 59
 
Early Work 60
 
Later Work 61
 
Whole Animal Work 63
 
Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Pressure 64
 
Pressure and Membranes 68
 
Oxygen 69
 
Severity of Oxygen Minima, "Dead Zones," and the Intertidal 71
 
Adaptations to Oxygen Minima 71
 
The Aerobic Strategy 71
 
Salinity 75
 
Depth 77
 
Concluding Thoughts 83
 
References 84
 
3 The Cnidaria 89
 
Introduction 89
 
Classification 89
 
History 89
 
Classification Schemes 90
 
Phylum Cnidaria 91
 
Subphylum Medusozoa 91
 
Subphylum Anthozoa 91
 
Subphylum Myxozoa 91
 
The Hydromedusae 92
 
Morphology Basics 92
 
Morphological Detail and Life Histories 95
 
The Scyphomedusae 99
 
Basic Characteristics 99
 
Morphological Detail and Life Histories 101
 
General 101
 
Coronatae 101
 
Semaeostomae 102
 
Rhizostomae 104
 
The Cubomedusae 105
 
Foraging Strategies 105
 
General Considerations 106
 
The Cnidae 107
 
Venoms 108
 
Interaction with Prey 109
 
Direct Interception 110
 
Encounter Zone 110
 
The Model 114
 
Swimming and Hunting Behavior 115
 
Water Flow and Swimming 115
 
Attraction Between Predator and Prey 116
 
Diets, Feeding Rates, and Impacts on Prey Populations 117
 
Rogue Hydroids: Predatory Polyps in the Midwater 119
 
Feeding in the Cubomedusae 120
 
Locomotion 121
 
The Mesoglea 123
 
Nerve Nets and Nervous Control of Swimming 124
 
Senses and Sensory Mechanisms 125
 
The Siphonophores 127
 
Terminology and Affinities of Siphonophore "Persons" 128
 
Whole Animal Organization 134
 
Life Histories 137
 
The Siphonophore Conundrum 137
 
Feeding 138
 
Fishing Behavior 138
 
Digestion 139
 
Diets and Selectivity 139
 
Ecological Importance 141
 
Locomotion 141
 
Buoyancy 143
 
Vertical Distr

Info autore

Joseph J. Torres is Emeritus Professor of Marine Science, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL, USA. He is an internationally-renowned marine biologist with research interests in the physiological ecology of the deep- and open-oceanic realms.

Thomas G. Bailey is retired director of NOAA's Caribbean Marine Research Center following a long career in deep-ocean science at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution as head of the Department of Zooplankton Ecology. He is a highly respected in-situ marine scientist known for innovative techniques in capturing and experimenting with delicate sea creatures at great depth.

Riassunto

Life in the Open Ocean

Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species provides in-depth coverage of the different marine animal groups that form the communities inhabiting the ocean's pelagic realm. This comprehensive resource explores the physical environment, foraging strategies, energetics, locomotion, sensory mechanisms, global and vertical distributions, special adaptations, and other characteristics of a wide array of marine taxa.

Bringing together the most recent information available in a single volume, authors Joseph J. Torres and Thomas G. Bailey cover the Cnidaria (stinging jellies), the ctenophores (comb jellies), pelagic nemerteans, pelagic annelids, crustaceans, cephalopods and pelagic gastropods, invertebrate chordates, as well as micronektonic and larger fishes such as sharks, tunas, mackerels, and mahi-mahi. Detailed chapters on each pelagic group describe internal and external anatomy, classification and history, feeding and digestion, bioluminescent systems and their function, reproduction and development, respiration, excretion, nervous systems, and more. The first book of its kind to address all of the major animal groups comprising both the swimmers and drifters of the open sea, this important resource:
* Explains how different animals have adapted to live in the open-ocean environment
* Covers all sensory mechanisms of animals living in the pelagic habitat, including photoreception, mechanoreception, and chemoreception
* Treats the diverse micronekton assemblage as a community
* Includes a thorough introduction to the physical oceanography and properties of water in the pelagic realm

Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species is an excellent senior-level undergraduate and graduate textbook for courses in biology and biological oceanography, and a valuable reference for all those with interest in open-ocean biology.

Dettagli sul prodotto

• Autori: Thomas G Bailey, Thomas G. Bailey, Jj Torres, Joseph Torres, Joseph J Torres, Joseph J. Torres, Joseph J. (University of South Florida Torres, Joseph J. Bailey Torres
• Editore: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Lingue: Inglese
• Formato: Copertina rigida
• Pubblicazione: 28.02.2022
• EAN: 9781405145299
• ISBN: 978-1-4051-4529-9
• Pagine: 1008
• Categorie: Scienze naturali, medicina, informatica, tecnica > Biologia > Ecologia; Meer, Geowissenschaften, Ozean, Salzwasser, Life Sciences, Biowissenschaften, Earth Sciences, Ökologie / Salzwasser, Marine Ecology, Biologische Ozeanographie, Biological Oceanography