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Zusatztext "The book is well suited to support students in introductory courses and provides a sound physical basis for more advanced work." Informationen zum Autor Daniel J. Jacob Klappentext "I can actually imagine a rigorous and challenging undergraduate course making it through this whole text in one semester, which is not the case for its competitors. The problem sets are excellent . . . truly unique." --Hiram Levy, Princeton University Zusammenfassung Focuses on atmospheric chemistry. This book begins with atmospheric structure, design of simple models, atmospheric transport, and the continuity equation, and continues with geochemical cycles, the greenhouse effect, aerosols, stratospheric ozone, the oxidizing power of the atmosphere, smog, and acid rain. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xi 1 - Measures of Atmospheric Composition 3 1.1 Mixing Ratio 3 1.2 Number Density 4 1.3 Partial Pressure 8 Further Reading 11 Problems 11 1.1 Fog Formation 11 1.2 Phase Partitioning of Water in Cloud 11 1.3 The Ozone Layer 11 2 - Atmospheric Pressure 14 2.1 Measuring Atmospheric Pressure 14 2.2 Mass of the Atmosphere 14 2.3 Vertical Profiles of Pressure and Temperature 16 2.4 Barometric Law 18 2.5 The Sea-Breeze Circulation 21 Problems 22 2.1 Scale Height of the Martian Atmosphere 22 2.2 Scale Height and Atmospheric Mass 22 3 - Simple Models 24 3.1 One-Box Model 25 3.1.1 Concept of Lifetime 25 3.1.2 Mass Balance Equation 27 3.2 Multibox Models 30 3.3 Puff Models 33 Problems 36 3.1 Atmospheric Steady State 36 3.2 Ventilation of Pollution from the United States 37 3.3 Stratosphere- Troposphere Exchange 37 3.4 Interhemispheric Exchange 39 3.5 Long Range Transport of Acidity 39 3.6 Box versus Column Model for an Urban Airshed 40 3.7 The Montreal Protocol 40 4 - Atmospheric Transport 42 4.1 Geostrophic Flow 42 4.1.1 Coriolis Force 42 4.1.2 Geostrophic Balance 46 4.2 The General Circulation 48 4.3 Vertical Transport 53 4.3.1 Buoyancy 53 4.3.2 Atmospheric Stability 55 4.3.3 Adiabatic Lapse Rate 56 4.3.4 Latent Heat Release from Cloud Formation 58 4.3.5 Atmospheric Lapse Rate 60 4.4 Turbulence 63 4.4.1 Description of Turbulence 64 4.4.2 Turbulent Flux 64 4.4.3 Parameterization of Turbulence 67 4.4.4 Time Scales for Vertical Transport 70 Further Readinng 71 Problems 71 4.1 Dilution of Power Plant Plumes 71 4.2 Short Questions on Atmospheric Transport 72 4.3 Seasonal Motion of the ITCZ 73 4.4 A Simple Boundary Layer Model 74 4.5 Breaking a Nightime Inversion 74 4.6 Wet Convection 75 4.7 Scavenging of Water in a Thunderstorm 76 4.8 Global Source of Methane 76 4.9 Role of Molecular Diffusion in Atmosheric Transport 77 4.10 Vertical Transport Near the Surface 78 5 - The Continuity Equation 79 5.1 Eulerian Form 79 5.1.1 Derivation 79 5.1.2 Discretization 81 5.2 Lagrangian Form 84 Further Reading 85 Problems 85 5.1 Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient 85 6 - Geochemical Cycles 87 6.1 Geochemical Cycling of Elements 87 6.2 Early Evolution of the Atmosphere 89 6.3 The Nitrogen Cycle 90 6.4 The Oxygen Cycle 94 6.5 The Carbon Cycle 97 6.5.1 Mass Balance of Atmospheric CO2 97 6 5.2 Carbonate Chemistry in the Ocean 97 6.5.3 Uptake of CO2 by the Ocean 100 6 5.4 Uptake of CO2 by the Terrestrial Biosphere 104 6 5.5 Box Model of the Carbon Cycle 105 Further Reading 107 Problems 107 6.1 Short Questions on the Oxygen Cycle 107 6.2 Short Questions on the Carbon Cycle 108 6.3 Atmospheric Residence Time of Helium 108 6.4 Methyl Bromide 109 6.5 Global Fertilization of the Biosphere 111 6.6 Ocean pH 111 6.7 Cycling of CO2 with the Terrestrial Biosphere 112 6.8 S...
