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Dhafer Almakhles, Mahajan Saga Bhaskar, Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar, Gupta, Nikit Gupta, Nikita Gupta...
Dc Microgrids - Advances, Challenges, and Applications
Inglese · Copertina rigida
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Descrizione
DC MICROGRIDS
Written and edited by a team of well-known and respected experts in the field, this new volume on DC microgrids presents the state-of-the-art developments and challenges in the field of microgrids for sustainability and scalability for engineers, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, consultants, and designers.
The electric grid is on the threshold of a paradigm shift. In the past few years, the picture of the grid has changed dramatically due to the introduction of renewable energy sources, advancements in power electronics, digitalization, and other factors. All these megatrends are pointing toward a new electrical system based on Direct Current (DC). DC power systems have inherent advantages of no harmonics, no reactive power, high efficiency, over the conventional AC power systems. Hence, DC power systems have become an emerging and promising alternative in various emerging applications, which include distributed energy sources like wind, solar and Energy Storage System (ESS), distribution networks, smart buildings, remote telecom systems, and transport electrification like electric vehicles (EVs).
All these applications are designed at different voltages to meet their specific requirements individually because of the lack of standardization. Thus, the factors influencing the DC voltages and system operation needed to be surveyed and analyzed, which include voltage standards, architecture for existing and emerging applications, topologies and control strategies of power electronic interfaces, fault diagnosis and design of the protection system, optimal economical operation, and system reliability.
Sommario
Preface xv
1 On the DC Microgrids Protection Challenges, Schemes, and Devices - A Review 1
Mohammed H. Ibrahim, Ebrahim A. Badran and Mansour H. Abdel-Rahman
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Fault Characteristics and Analysis in DC Microgrid 4
1.3 DC Microgrid Protection Challenges 7
1.3.1 Low Inductance of DC System 7
1.3.2 Fast Rise Rate of DC Fault Current 7
1.3.3 Difficulties of Overcurrent (O/C) Relays Coordination 7
1.3.4 Fault Detection and Location 8
1.3.5 Arcing Fault Detection and Clearing 10
1.3.6 Short-Circuit (SC) Analysis and Change of Its Level 13
1.3.7 Non-Suitability of AC Circuit Breakers (ACCBs) 16
1.3.8 Inverters Low Fault Current Capacity 17
1.3.9 Constant Power Load (CPL) Impact 17
1.3.10 Grounding 18
1.4 DC Microgrid Protection Schemes 21
1.4.1 The Differential Protection-Based Strategies 25
1.4.2 The Voltage-Based Protection Strategies 27
1.4.3 The Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Schemes 28
1.4.4 Impedance-Based Protection Strategy (Distance Protection) 29
1.4.5 Non-Conventional Protection Schemes (Data-Based Protection Scheme) 32
1.5 DC Microgrid Protective Devices (PDs) 34
1.5.1 Z-Source DC Circuit Breakers (ZSB) 35
1.5.2 Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers (HCB) 38
1.5.3 Solid State Circuit Breakers (SSCBs) 42
1.5.4 Arc Fault Current Interrupter (AFCI) 45
1.5.5 Fuses 47
1.6 Conclusions 48
References 50
2 Control Strategies for DC Microgrids 63
Bhabani Kumari Choudhury and Premalata Jena
2.1 Introduction: The Concept of Microgrids 63
2.1.1 DC Microgrids 64
2.2 Introduction: The Concept of Control Strategies 65
2.2.1 Basic Control Schemes for DC MGs 66
2.2.1.1 Centralized Control Strategy 66
2.2.1.2 Decentralized Controller 67
2.2.1.3 Distributed Control 68
2.2.2 Multilevel Control 68
2.2.2.1 Primary Control 69
2.2.2.2 Secondary Control 73
2.2.2.3 Tertiary Control 74
2.2.2.4 Current Sharing Loop 74
2.2.2.5 Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) 74
2.3 Control Strategies for DGs in DC MGs 76
2.3.1 Control Strategy for Solar Cell in DC MGs 76
2.3.1.1 Control Strategy for Wind Energy in DC MGs 77
2.3.1.2 Control Strategy for Fuel Cell in DC MGs 77
2.3.1.3 Control Strategy for Energy Storage System in DC MGs 78
2.4 Conclusions and Future Scopes 79
References 80
3 Protection Issues in DC Microgrids 83
Bhabani Kumari Choudhury and Premalata Jena
3.1 Introduction 83
3.1.1 Protection Challenge 84
3.1.1.1 Arcing and Fault Clearing Time 84
3.1.1.2 Stability 85
3.1.1.3 Multiterminal Protections 85
3.1.1.4 Ground Fault Challenges 85
3.1.1.5 Communication Challenges 86
3.1.2 Effect of Constant Power Loads (CPLs) 86
3.2 Fault Detection in DC MGs 87
3.2.1 Principles and Methods of Fault Detection 87
3.2.1.1 Voltage Magnitude-Based Detection 87
3.2.1.2 Current Magnitude-Based Detection 88
3.2.1.3 Impedance Estimation Method 88
3.2.1.4 Power Probe Unit (PPU) Method 88
3.3 Fault Location 92
3.3.1 Passive Approach 92
3.3.1.1 Traveling Wave-Based Scheme 92
3.3.1.2 Differential Fault Location 93
3.3.1.3 Local Measurement-Based Fault Location 93
3.3.2 Active Approach for Fault Location 94
3.3.2.1 Injection-Based Fault Location 94
Info autore
Nikita Gupta, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh University, India. She received her BTech degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India in 2011 and MTech degree in power systems from Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India in 2014. She earned her PhD from the Department of Electrical Engineering at Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India, in 2018. Her research interests include power system analysis, power quality, power electronics applications in renewable energy, and microgrids.
M. S. Bhaskar, PhD, is with the Renewable Energy Lab, in the Department of Communications and Networks Engineering at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After receiving his PhD in electrical and electronic engineering from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa in 2019, he was a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark. He has several years of research experience from several universities, and he has authored over 100 scientific papers in the area of DC/AC power, receiving several awards, as well. He is a member of a number of scientific societies and is a reviewer for several technical journals and conferences, including IEEE and IET. P. Sanjeevikumar, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Business Development and Technology, CTIF Global Capsule (CGC) Laboratory, Aarhus University, Herning, Denmark. He earned his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, in 2012. He has nearly ten years of teaching and industry experience and has authored over 300 scientific papers, including winning several awards at conferences for having the best paper. He is a fellow or member of numerous scientific societies and associations and is an editor, associate editor, or on the boards of numerous scientific and technical journals. Dhafer J. Almakhles, PhD, is the Chairman of the of the Communications and Networks Engineering Department, and the Director of the Science and Technology Unit and Intellectual Property Office, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. He earned his PhD from The University of Auckland, New Zealand 2016. He is also the leader of the Renewable Energy Research Team and Laboratory. He is a member of multiple scientific societies and is a reviewer for a number of technical journals. Anirban Roy, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at BITS Pilani Goa campus. He has published 20 articles in journals of international repute, filed eight patents, and published one book thus far. He also has ample industrial experience, as well as academic experience, in the field.
Riassunto
DC MICROGRIDS
Written and edited by a team of well-known and respected experts in the field, this new volume on DC microgrids presents the state-of-the-art developments and challenges in the field of microgrids for sustainability and scalability for engineers, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, consultants, and designers.
The electric grid is on the threshold of a paradigm shift. In the past few years, the picture of the grid has changed dramatically due to the introduction of renewable energy sources, advancements in power electronics, digitalization, and other factors. All these megatrends are pointing toward a new electrical system based on Direct Current (DC). DC power systems have inherent advantages of no harmonics, no reactive power, high efficiency, over the conventional AC power systems. Hence, DC power systems have become an emerging and promising alternative in various emerging applications, which include distributed energy sources like wind, solar and Energy Storage System (ESS), distribution networks, smart buildings, remote telecom systems, and transport electrification like electric vehicles (EVs).
All these applications are designed at different voltages to meet their specific requirements individually because of the lack of standardization. Thus, the factors influencing the DC voltages and system operation needed to be surveyed and analyzed, which include voltage standards, architecture for existing and emerging applications, topologies and control strategies of power electronic interfaces, fault diagnosis and design of the protection system, optimal economical operation, and system reliability.
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