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An Updated Reference on Human Exposure to Environmental Toxicants and A Study of Their Impact on Public Health
With the 4th edition of Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, readers have access to up-to-date information on the study and science of environmental toxicology and public health worldwide. Practitioners and professionals can use this resource to understand newly discovered information on the adverse health effects of toxins and pollutants in air, water, and occupational and environmental environments on large human populations.
The 4th edition of this book is updated to reflect new knowledge and research on:
* Performing risk assessments on exposed individuals
* Assessing the effects of toxicants and substances on large populations for health and medical professionals
* Patterns of human exposure to select chemical toxicants
* World Trade Center dust, agents for chemical terrorism, and nanoparticles
For health professionals, including health authorities, public health officials, physicians, and industrial managers, who are seeking new research and techniques for managing environmental substances, this invaluable reference will guide you through in a thorough, easy- to-read manner.
Sommario
Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
1 Introduction and Background 1
1.1 Characterization of Chemical Contaminants 2
1.2 Human Exposures and Dosimetry 7
1.3 Chemical Exposures and Dose to Target Tissues 8
1.4 Concentration of Toxic Chemicals in Human Microenvironments 9
1.5 Inhalation Exposures and Respiratory Tract Effects 13
1.6 Ingestion Exposures and Gastrointestinal Tract Effects 19
1.7 Skin Exposure and Dermal Effects 20
1.8 Absorption Through Membranes and Systemic Circulation 21
1.9 Accumulation in Target Tissues and Dosimetric Models 22
1.10 Indirect Measures of Past Exposures 23
1.11 Characterization of Health 24
1.12 Exposure-Response Relationships 26
1.13 Study Options for Health Effects Studies 32
References 37
2 Perspectives on Individual and Community Risk 41
2.1 Nature of Risk 42
2.2 Identification and Quantification of Risks 46
2.3 Risk Communication 51
2.4 Risk Reduction 54
References 58
3 Reducing Risks: An Environmental Engineering Perspective 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Environmental Risk-Based Decision Making 66
3.3 Applications and Use 70
3.4 Historic Background 78
3.5 Integrated Assessments 82
3.6 Summary 83
References 83
4 Clinical Perspective on Respiratory Toxicology 87
4.1 Concepts of Exposure 88
4.2 Tools for Studying Individuals 90
4.3 Tools for Studying Populations 101
4.4 Cardiovascular Responses 108
4.5 Limitations of Clinical and Epidemiological Assessments of the Effects of Inhaled Agents 110
4.6 Climate Change and Health 111
4.7 Novel Exposures 111
4.8 Advice and Counseling of Patients 112
4.9 Summary 115
References 116
5 Industrial Perspectives: Translating the Knowledge Base into Corporate Policies, Programs, and Practices for Health Protection 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 The Life Cycle of a Chemical: Many Points for Possible Intervention 128
5.3 The Knowledge Base for the Identification of Hazard and Health Protection Control Strategies 129
5.4 Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health Programs : Implementing the Knowledge Base 131
5.5 Product Stewardship 138
5.6 Responsible Care 142
5.7 Concluding Perspective 145
Acknowledgment 145
References 145
6 Food Constituents and Contaminants 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Legal and Regulatory Framework in the United States 152
6.3 Safety Criteria and Their Scientific Bases 155
6.4 Nutrients 163
6.5 Substances Intentionally Introduced into Food 164
6.6 Food Contaminants of Industrial Origin 171
6.7 Constituents and Contaminants of Natural Origin 179
6.8 Compounds Produced During Food Storage and Preparation 189
6.9 Dietary Supplements 191
6.10 Food Safety Institutions Around the World 192
6.11 Summary and Conclusion 193
Acronyms 194
References 195
7 Acrolein and Unsaturated Aldehydes 205
7.1 Background 205
7.2 Cellular Exposure and Metabolism 212
7.3 Single Exposure Health Effects 230
7.4 Repeated Exposure Health Effects 235
7.5 Conclusion 239
References 240
8 Chemical Weapons 261
8.1 Overview 261
8.2 Nerve Agents 262
8.3 Respiratory Toxicants 265
8.4 Vesicants 266
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Info autore
MORTON LIPPMANN, PHD, earned a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering at Cooper Union, an MS in Industrial Hygiene at Harvard School of Public Health, and a PhD in Environmental Health Science at New York University (NYU) School of Engineering. He is currently a professor of Environmental Medicine at NYU School of Medicine. He has spent his adult life researching the health effects of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air on public health. He has published over 370 research papers and two reference texts on environmental health science.
GEORGE D. LEIKAUF earned his A.B at the University of California, Berkeley, his Ph.D. in environmental health science at New York University, and finished his postdoctoral training at CVRI-University of California, San Francisco. Throughout his career, he has developed several in vitro approaches to the study of pulmonary epithelial, cellular, and molecular responses to toxicants. Currently, he is a professor of Environmental and Occupational Health at the University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health.
Riassunto
An Updated Reference on Human Exposure to Environmental Toxicants and A Study of Their Impact on Public Health
With the 4th edition of Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, readers have access to up-to-date information on the study and science of environmental toxicology and public health worldwide. Practitioners and professionals can use this resource to understand newly discovered information on the adverse health effects of toxins and pollutants in air, water, and occupational and environmental environments on large human populations.
The 4th edition of this book is updated to reflect new knowledge and research on:
* Performing risk assessments on exposed individuals
* Assessing the effects of toxicants and substances on large populations for health and medical professionals
* Patterns of human exposure to select chemical toxicants
* World Trade Center dust, agents for chemical terrorism, and nanoparticles
For health professionals, including health authorities, public health officials, physicians, and industrial managers, who are seeking new research and techniques for managing environmental substances, this invaluable reference will guide you through in a thorough, easy- to-read manner.
