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This study analyzes the methods used by international criminal tribunals when determining customary international criminal law and to consider the compatibility of these approaches with the nullum crimen sine lege principle. In this context, the following research questions are of particular importance: Is there one approach common to all international criminal tribunals, or can different approaches be detected in their jurisprudence when determining customary international law? Do international criminal tribunals regard both traditional elements of customary international law - State practice and opinio iuris - as necessary elements for the establishment of customary international law? Do international criminal tribunals argue along the lines of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), requiring a high frequency and consistency of State practice that is both "extensive and virtually uniform"?In addition, the book analyzes the evidence used by international criminal tribunals in order to establish the constituent elements of customary international. It then poses the question: Do international criminal tribunals distinguish, as defined by Schwarzenberger, between the "law-creating processes" of public international law on the one hand, and the "law-determining agencies" as a subsidiary means of determining rule of law on the other?Assuming that they exist, how can different methodological approaches to determine customary international law be assessed in light of the nullum crimen sine lege principle? Does the principle require judges to apply the traditional method to establish customary international law as being based on extensive, uniform and enduring State practice accompanied by opinio iuris? Can the principle balance the desire for justice and the specificities of law creation of the international legal order with fairness for the accused? How can the law be accessible and criminal punishment foreseeable, when the underlying legal basis for criminal convictions, namely customary international criminal law, is unwritten in nature?
Sommario
Introduction.- State responsibility and the criminal liability of the individual.- Nullum crimen sine lege.- The formation of customary international law and its methodological challenges.- The role of judges when determining customary international law.- Methodological approaches to customary international law by international criminal tribunals.- Relevant material for proving the existence of customary international criminal law.- Conclusion.
Riassunto
Offers a comprehensive overview of the extensive case law Identifies the varying methodological approaches of four international criminal tribunals (the ICTY, ICTR, SCSL and ECCC)Takes due account of the “dual nature” of international criminal law and the underlying foundations of international law on the one hand and criminal law on the other, as well as the contradictions that exist between these distinct fields of lawOffers clear guidelines on what function the relevant material used by international criminal tribunals when identifying customary international criminal law can fulfill in connection with proving the existence of customary international lawContributes to the discourse on the sources of international law in general
