Soils of the Past - An Introduction to Paleopedology

Informationen zum Autor GREGORY J. RETALLACK, PHD, is a Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Oregon, USA. Klappentext A student-friendly textbook that describes ancient soils, how they may be identified, and their use in paleoenvironmental reconstruction Ancient soils contain vital mineralogical, geochemical, textural, and paleontological information about the continental environments in which they formed. Advances in isotope geochemistry and sequence-stratigraphic models allow evermore detailed reconstructions of environmental change from paleosols, and new insights into such diverse topics as atmospheric chemistry, global change, paleoecology, geobiology and mass extinction. This book educates readers about the field of paleopedology and how it remains a key area of investigation for geologists and environmental scientists seeking to learn about, and reconstruct, the condition and evolution of paleoenvironments.  Presented in three sections-Soils and Palesols; Factors in Soil Formation; and Fossil Record of Soils -Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology describes the main types of ancient soil, procedures for identifying and studying them, their classification and, most significantly, a wide array of examples of how paleosols have been used for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The book is an excellent reflection of the current state of knowledge and can be widely adopted over many disciplines. All chapters have been revised and updated to reflect advances in soil science in the last two decades New tables display a wealth of new data added since the 2nd edition published in 2001 New figures have been added and line art has been redrawn to improve clarity and promote understanding References have been updated throughout Soils of the Past, 3rd Edition is written for advanced undergraduates studying paleopedology as part of a degree in geology, environmental science, or physical geography, and for interested professional earth scientists. Zusammenfassung A student-friendly textbook that describes ancient soils! how they may be identified! and their use in paleoenvironmental reconstructionAncient soils contain vital mineralogical! geochemical! textural! and paleontological information about the continental environments in which they formed. Advances in isotope geochemistry and sequence-stratigraphic models allow evermore detailed reconstructions of environmental change from paleosols! and new insights into such diverse topics as atmospheric chemistry! global change! paleoecology! geobiology and mass extinction. This book educates readers about the field of paleopedology and how it remains a key area of investigation for geologists and environmental scientists seeking to learn about! and reconstruct! the condition and evolution of paleoenvironments.Presented in three sections--Soils and Palesols; Factors in Soil Formation; and Fossil Record of Soils--Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology describes the main types of ancient soil! procedures for identifying and studying them! their classification and! most significantly! a wide array of examples of how paleosols have been used for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The book is an excellent reflection of the current state of knowledge and can be widely adopted over many disciplines.* All chapters have been revised and updated to reflect advances in soil science in the last two decades* New tables display a wealth of new data added since the 2nd edition published in 2001* New figures have been added and line art has been redrawn to improve clarity and promote understanding* References have been updated throughoutSoils of the Past! 3rd Edition is written for advanced undergraduates studying paleopedology as part of a degree in geology! environmental science! or physical geography! and for interested professional earth scientists...

Sommario

Preface to the third edition vii
 
Preface to the second edition ix
 
Preface to the first edition xi
 
Acknowledgements xiii
 
Part I: Soils and paleosols
 
1 Paleopedology 3
 
2 Soils on and under the landscape 9
 
Soils and paleosols on the landscape 10
 
Quaternary paleosols 12
 
Paleosols at major unconformities 13
 
Paleosols in sedimentary and volcanic sequences 14
 
3 Features of fossil soils 17
 
Root traces 17
 
Soil horizons 24
 
Soil structure 31
 
4 Soil-forming processes 49
 
Indicators of physical weathering 49
 
Indicators of chemical weathering 54
 
Indicators of biological weathering 65
 
Common soil-forming processes 74
 
5 Soil classification 81
 
FAO world map 82
 
US soil taxonomy 83
 
A word of caution 96
 
6 Mapping and naming paleosols 97
 
Paleoenvironmental studies 98
 
Stratigraphic studies 103
 
Deeply weathered rocks 106
 
7 Alteration of paleosols after burial 109
 
Burial decomposition of organic matter 111
 
Burial gleization of organic matter 112
 
Burial reddening of iron oxides and hydroxides 113
 
Cementation of primary porosity 114
 
Compaction by overburden 116
 
Illitization of smectite 119
 
Zeolitization and celadonitization of volcanic rocks 121
 
Coalification of peat 122
 
Kerogen maturation and cracking 123
 
Neomorphism of carbonate 123
 
Metamorphism 124
 
Common patterns of alteration 125
 
Part II: Factors in soil formation
 
8 Models of soil formation 129
 
9 Climate 133
 
Classification of climate 134
 
Indicators of precipitation 137
 
Indications of temperature 145
 
Indicators of seasonality 152
 
Indicators of greenhouse atmospheres 156
 
10 Organisms 161
 
Traces of organisms 162
 
Traces of ecosystems 185
 
Fossil preservation in paleosols 194
 
11 Topographic relief as a factor 201
 
Indicators of past geomorphic setting 201
 
Indicators of past water table 207
 
Interpreting paleocatenae 210
 
12 Parent material as a factor 215
 
General properties of parent materials 217
 
Some common parent materials 221
 
A base line for soil formation 225
 
13 Time as a factor 231
 
Indicators of paleosol development 234
 
Accumulation of paleosol sequences 246
 
Part III: Fossil record of soils
 
14 A long-term natural experiment in pedogenesis 259
 
15 Soils of other worlds 263
 
Soils of the Moon 264
 
Soils of Venus 269
 
Soils of Mars 272
 
Meteorites 278
 
Relevance to early Earth 283
 
16 Earth's earliest landscapes 287
 
Oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere 292
 
Differentiation of continental crust 303
 
Precambrian scenery 306
 
17 Early life on land 311
 
Did life originate in soil? 313
 
Evidence for early life in paleosols 324
 
Mother earth or heart of darkness? 334
 
18 Large plants and animals on land 337
 
Evidence of multicellular organisms in paleosols 340
 
How did multicellular land organisms arise? 349
 
19 Afforestation of the land 359
 
Early forest soils 361
 
A diversifying landscape 367
 
A finer web of life on land 373
 
The shape of evolution 384
 
20 Grasses in dry continental interiors 387
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Dettagli sul prodotto

• Autori: Gj Retallack, Gregory J Retallack, Gregory J. Retallack, Gregory J. (University of Oregon) Retallack
• Editore: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Lingue: Inglese
• Formato: Tascabile
• Pubblicazione: 31.08.2019
• EAN: 9781119530404
• ISBN: 978-1-119-53040-4
• Pagine: 552
• Categorie: Scienze naturali, medicina, informatica, tecnica > Geoscienze > Mineralogia, petrografia; Chemie, Archäologie, Bodenkunde, Geowissenschaften, chemistry, Archaeology, Earth Sciences, Prehistoric archaeology, Prähistorische Archäologie, Boden- u. Geochemie, Soil & Geochemistry, Bodenkunde, Geoarchäologie, Soil Science & Geoarchaeology