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This volume considers contingency as a historical category resulting from the combination of various intellectual elements - epistemological, philosophical, material, as well as theological and, broadly speaking, intellectual. With contributions ranging from fields as diverse as the histories of physics, astronomy, astrology, medicine, mechanics, physiology, and natural philosophy, it explores the transformation of the notion of contingency across the late-medieval, Renaissance, and the early modern period. Underpinned by a necessitated vision of nature, seventeenth century mechanism widely identified apparent natural irregularities with the epistemological limits of a certain explanatory framework. However, this picture was preceded by, and in fact emerged from, a widespread characterization of contingency as an ontological trait of nature, typical of late-Scholastic and Renaissance science. On these bases, this volume shows how epistemological categories, which are preconditions of knowledge as "historically-situated a priori" and, seemingly, self-evident, are ultimately rooted in time.
Contingency is intrinsic to scientific practice. Whether observing the behaviour of a photon, diagnosing a patient, or calculating the orbit of a distant planet, scientists face the unavoidable challenge of dealing with data that differ from their models and expectations. However, epistemological categories are not fixed in time. Indeed, there is something fundamentally different in the way an Aristotelian natural philosopher defined a wonder or a "monstrous" birth as "contingent", a modern scientist defines the unexpected result of an experiment, and a quantum physicist the behavior of a photon. Although to each inquirer these instances appeared self-evidently contingent, each also employs the concept differently.
Sommario
Chapter 1: Introduction: The Principle of Contingency from Medieval Physics to Early Modern Epistemology; Pietro D. Omodeo and Rodolfo Garau.- PART I: METAPHYSICAL AND NATURAL CONTINGENCY.- Chapter 2: Scholastic Views on Causality and the Quantification of Natural Phenomena; Magali Roques.- Chapter 3: Secundum Quid and Contingentia: Scholastic Reminiscences in Early Modern Mechanics; Pietro D. Omodeo and Jürgen Renn.- Chapter 4: Practical Knowledge and Contingency in the Renaissance.- Chapter 5: Contingency and Necessity in Renaissance Astrology.- Chapter 6: Two Early Modern Problems of Contingency: Irregularity and the Laws of Motion, and the Status of Secondary Qualities; Rodolfo Garau.- Chapter 7: Dealing with Contingency in Early Modern Mathematics.- Chapter 8: Sufficient Reason and the Vagaries of Keplerian Matter; Jonathan Regier.- Chapter 9: Is Physiology the Domain of Necessity or Contingency in Descartes's Physics? Balint Kekedi.- Chapter 10: Contingency in Early Modern Life Sciences.- PART II: THE EXPERIENCE AND THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF CONTINGENCY.- Chapter 11: Facing Complexity: Experience and Statistics; Stephen Gaukroger.- Chapter 12: Ars Experimentandi. Laws of Nature, Matterly Objects and Contingent Circumstances; Enrico Pasini.- Chapter 13: Experimental Contingency and Mechanical Laws in Robert Hooke's Matter Theory; Francesco G. Sacco.- Chapter 14: Optics and Contingency.- Chapter 15: Contingency and Astronomical Observation; Ofer Gal.- Chapter 15: Seventeenth-Century Philosophical Language Projects to Face the Problem of Contingency; Judith Kaplan.- Chapter 16: Newtonian Physics and Contingency.
Info autore
Pietro Daniel Omodeo is a cultural historian of science and a professor of philosophy of science at the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice (Italy). He is the principal investigator of the ERC Consolidator research endeavour “Institutions and Metaphysics of Cosmology in the Epistemic Networks of Seventeenth-Century Europe” (Horizon 2020, GA 725883). His publications comprise Copernicus in the Cultural Debates of the Renaissance: Reception, Legacy, Transformation (2014) and Science in Court Society: Giovanni Battista Benedetti’s Diversarum speculationum mathematicarum et physicarum liber (Turin, 1585) (2018, co-authored with Jürgen Renn). His present projects include the edition of the volume Bernardino Telesio and the Natural Sciences in the Renaissance (in press) and the monograph For Political Epistemology: The Problem of Ideology in Science Studies (in press).
Rodolfo Garau is a historian of philosophy and of science. He is currently postdoc researcher at the ERC Consolidator research endeavour “Institutions and Metaphysics of Cosmology in the Epistemic Networks of Seventeenth-Century Europe” (Horizon 2020, GA 725883), based at the University Ca’ Foscari in Venice. After his PhD (2015), he held postdoctoral positions at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and at the Université du Quebéc à Trois-Rivières, and, as adjunct lecturer, at Bard College Berlin and at the University of Turin. His current research foci are: 1. the cross-use of concepts between physics, biology, and metaphysics in the early modern period, on which he is preparing a volume exploring the history of the concept of conatus (“endeavor”) between late-Scholastic and modern science and philosophy; 2. the physics, astronomy, and logic of Pierre Gassendi, of whom he is also translating (with Justin E. H. Smith) the Syntagma philosophicum for Oxford University Press; and 3. the critical investigation of the emergence of, and correlation between, modern race theories and criminology.
Riassunto
Opens up an as yet unexplored epistemological topic
Proposes an innovative approach to sources
Is the first to present a systematic treatment of fundamental epistemological issues
Brings together a variety of authors and sources in the history of science and philosophy
