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Informationen zum Autor Walter Sinnott-Armstrong is Chauncey Stillman Professor of Practical Ethics in the Department of Philosophy and the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. Klappentext ADVANGEBOOKS - UNDERSTANDING ARGUMENTS: AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMAL LOGIC, 9E shows readers how to construct arguments in everyday life, using everyday language. In addition, this easy-to-read textbook also devotes three chapters to the formal aspects of logic including forms of argument, as well as propositional, categorical, and quantificational logic. Plus, this edition helps readers apply informal logic to legal, moral, scientific, religious, and philosophical scenarios, too. "This book is a well-crafted and philosophically-infused work. It gets students engaged with the material and genuinely challenges them to think critically. It works particularly well for courses on critical thinking that are aimed at developing students' skills in quantitative reasoning." Zusammenfassung Teaches students how to construct arguments in everyday life, using everyday language. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface.PART I: HOW TO ANALYZE ARGUMENTS.1. Uses of Arguments.What Arguments Are. Justifications. Explanations. Combinations: An Example.2. The Web of Language.Language and Convention. Linguistic Acts. Speech Acts. Performatives. Kinds of Speech Acts. Conversational Acts. Conversational Rules. Conversational Implication. Violating Conversational Rules. Rhetorical Devices. Deception. Bronston v. United States. Summary.3. The Language of Argument.Argument Markers. If . . . , then. Arguments in Standard Form. Some Standards for Evaluating Arguments. Validity. Truth. Soundness. A Tricky Case. A Problem and Some Solutions. Assuring. Guarding. Discounting. Evaluative Language. Spin Doctoring.4. The Art Of Close Analysis.An Extended Example. Clerk Hire Allowance, House of Representatives.5. Deep Analysis.Getting Down to Basics. Clarifying Crucial Terms. Dissecting the Argument. Arranging Subarguments. Suppressed Premises. Contingent Facts. Linguistic Principles. Evaluative Suppressed Premises. Uses and Abuses of Suppressed Premises. The Method of Reconstruction. Digging Deeper. An Example of Deep Analysis: Capital Punishment.PART II: HOW TO EVALUATE ARGUMENTS: DEDUCTIVE STANDARDS.6. Propositional Logic.The Formal Analysis of Arguments. Basic Propositional Connectives. Conjunction. Disjunction. Negation. Process of Elimination. How Truth-Functional Connectives Work. Testing for Validity. Some Further Connectives. Conditionals. Truth Tables for Conditionals. Logical Language and Everyday Language. Other Conditionals in Ordinary Language.7. Categorical Logic.Beyond Propositional Logic. Categorical Propositions. The Four Basic Categorical Forms. Translation into the Basic Categorical Forms. Contradictories. Existential Commitment. Validity for Categorical Arguments. Categorical Immediate Inferences. The Theory of the Syllogism. Appendix: The Classical Theory. The Classical Square of Opposition. The Classical Theory of Immediate Inference. The Classical Theory of Syllogisms.PART III: HOW TO EVALUATE ARGUMENTS: INDUCTIVE STANDARDS.8. Arguments To And From Generalizations.Induction versus Deduction. Statistical Generalizations. Should We Accept the Premises? Is the Sample Large Enough? Is the Sample Biased? Is the Result Biased in Some Other Way? Statistical Applications.9. Causal Reasoning.Reasoning About Causes. Sufficient Conditions and Necessary Conditions. The Sufficient Condition Test. The Necessary Condition Test. The Joint Test. Rigorous Testing. Reaching Positive Conclusions. Applying These Methods to Find Causes. Normality. Background Assumptions. A Detailed Example. Calling Things Causes. Concomitant Variation.10. Inference To The Best Explanation And From Analogy.Inferences to the Best Explanation. Arguments from Analogy.11. CHANCES.Some Fallacies of Probability. The Gambler's Fa...
