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BERDYAEV AS A PHILOSOPHER How shall a non-Russian, above all a North American, assimilate the extraordinary assemblage of ideas which is Berdyaev's philosophy? Dr. Richardson does not exaggerate the difficulties. And he introduces us with great care (and what a formidable task it must have been) precisely to what is most strange in this writer, his fusion of historical .. eschatological-metaphysical-mystical-Christian conceptions. By some standards Berdyaev is a theologian rather than a philosopher; for he takes the truth of the Christian revelation for granted and his work can readily be viewed as an elaborate apologetic for one religion against all others and against irreligion. Yet I incline to sympathize with him in his claim to be a philosopher. What an eccentric one, however! There are indeed some partial analogies in the general European tradition. Certainly this Russian is a disciple of Kant, and strong traces of Kantianism survive in him. He also moved away from Kant somewhat as did Fichte, Hegel, and, above all, Schelling in his last period. His sympathetic response to Heracleitos and Boehme recalls Hegel. The interest in Boehme and Schelling is found also in Tillich. Like the late German-American, Berdyaev rejects conceptual in favor of symbolic speech about God. Like Bergson, he stresses intuition and makes a radical distinction between scientific logical analytic thought and the mode of apprehension by which, he believes, metaphysical truth is to be appropriated. Here one thinks also of Heidegger.
Sommario
I: Berdyaev's Philosophy of History.- A. Introduction.- B. The "historical" and the philosophy of history.- C. Philosophy of history and metaphysics of history.- D. The philosophy of history and the end of history.- E. Philosophy of history in respect to time.- F. Philosophy of history and the doctrine of godmanhood.- G. Summary.- II: Godmanhood, Freedom and Philosophy of History.- A. Introduction.- B. The doctrine of godmanhood.- C. Godmanhood and the freedom of man.- D. Some consequences of the doctrine of godmanhood.- E. Summary.- III: Existentialism: A Personalist Philosophy of History.- A. Introduction.- B. Personalism: the existent and the ego.- C. Personality is spirit: an existentialism of spirit.- D. Personality: the concrete and universal existent.- E. Personality and existence not isolated from the thou and the we.- F. Personality: the microcosm.- G. Summary.- IV: Epistemology and Philosophy of History Conclusion.- A. Introduction.- B. The rejection of the subject-object relationship.- C. Knowledge not anti-rational, but super-rational.- D. Knowledge an identity.- E. True knowing is communal in character.- F. True knowing is loving and creative in character.- G. Image, symbol and mystical experience: concrete and creative knowing.- H. Summary.- Conclusion.- Bibliography of Sources.
