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Glutamine is a key aminoacid for the synthesis of numerous biologic ally important compounds in mammalian cells and is a carrier form of ammonia. The advance in knowledge on the metabolic significance of this amino acid is presented in in-depth treatments by experts in this active research field. This includes the enzymology of glutamine synthe tase and glutaminase activities in different mammalian organs, notably liver, kidney and brain; properties of glutamine transport across bio logical membranes; role of glutamine metabolism in the liver, with emphasis on the recent discovery of intercellular heterogeneity with respect to enzyme distribution and its functional consequences for ammonia/urea metabolism and pH regulation; renal and intestinal glutamine metabolism; cerebral glutamine/ glutamate interrelationships; skeletal muscle; role of glutamine in cell culture; and finally the clinical aspects, including the new outlook of glutamine antagonists in cancer therapy as well as the role of glutamine in hepatic coma and encephalo pathy. Some, but not all, of the contributors to this work attended the 48th Conference of the Gesellschaft fur Biologische Chemie on glutamine metabolism held in Gottingen, W. Germany, in September 1983. This conference was supported by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk, Dr. H. Falk Foundation, Freiburg, and the J. Pfrimmer Co. , Erlangen. The abstracts of the contributions to the conference were published in Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 364,1237-125,6,1983, and this book is not intended as the proceedings of that meeting.
Sommario
Enzymology and Transport.- Enzymology of Glutamine.- Enzymes of Renal Glutamine Metabolism.- Enzymes of Cerebral Glutamine Metabolism.- Glutamine Transport Across Biological Membranes.- Intestine and Liver.- Metabolism of Vascular and Luminal Glutamine by Intestinal Mucosa in Vivo.- Hepatic Glutamine and Ammonia Metabolism Nitrogen and Redox Balance and the Intercellular Glutamine Cycle.- Cellular Distribution and Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase in Liver.- Liver Glutaminase.- Mechanism and Control of Deprivation-Induced Protein Degradation in Liver: Role of Glucogenic Amino Acids.- Kidney.- Renal Glutamine Metabolism and Hydrogen Ion Homeostasis.- Effects of 2-Oxoglutarate and Glutamate on Glutamine Metabolism by Rat Kidney Mitochondria.- Role of Fatty Acids in Simultaneous Regulation of Flux Through Glutaminase and Glutamine Synthetase in Rat Kidney Cortex.- Other Tissues.- Cyclic Nucleotide Regulation of Glutamine Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle.- Cerebral Glutamine/Glutamate Interrelationships and Metabolic Compartmentation.- Glutamine Metabolism in Lymphoid Tissues.- Glutamine Metabolism by Cultured Mammalian Cells.- Clinical Aspects.- Ammonia Detoxication and Glutamine Metabolism in Severe Liver Disease and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy.- Molecular Targets of Anti-Glutamine Therapy with Acivicin in Cancer Cells.
