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In these days of information explosion and high-cost publishing, it is perhaps only reasonable for an author to convince the reading public that it is getting something worth reading. After all, intense research into the upper mantle over the past two decades has already resulted in a number of volumes on kim berlites and their xenoliths. So why yet another one? First, in this book I have concentrated on kimberlite as an individual rock-type and a sampler of the upper mantle, in the hope of complementing such monographs as Deep seated inclusions in kimberlites and the problem of the composition of the upper mantle by N. V. Sobolev and Geologie du Diamant by M. G. Bardet, which have concentrated more on specific aspects of kimberlite and upper mantle geology; as a result I have not attempted to describe diamond prospecting and mining and, although I have attempted to give some of the up-to-date views on xenolith petrology, the confines of space have not permitted me to explore the complexities of the upper mantle as deeply as has Sobolev. Second, the literature is vast and I have tried to pull together for the reader the wide range of views and infor mation presented both in the recent geological literature and in recent multi-author volumes such as the Proceedings Vol umes of the two International Conferences on Kimberlite held at Capetown in 1973 and Santa Fe in 1977.
Sommario
1 Introduction.- 2 Distribution and Tectonic Setting of Kimberlites.- 2.1 Africa.- 2.2 U.S.S.R..- 2.3 India.- 2.4 Australasia.- 2.5 Western Europe and Greenland.- 2.6 North America.- 2.7 South America.- 2.8 Indirect Evidence for Kimberlite Intrusions.- 2.9 Summary.- 3 Geology of Kimberlite Intrusions.- 3.1 Diatremes.- 3.2 Dykes.- 3.3 Sills.- 3.4 Diatreme-Dyke-Sill Relationships.- 3.5 Extrusive Kimberlites.- 3.6 Effects of Kimberlite Intrusions on Wall Rocks.- 3.7 Emplacement of Kimberlite Diatremes.- 4 Petrography of Kimberlite.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Diatreme Facies Kimberlite.- 4.3 Hypabyssal Facies Kimberlite.- 5 Geochemistry of Kimberlites.- 5.1 Major Elements.- 5.2 Trace Elements.- 5.3 Rare-Earth Element Chemistry.- 5.4 Isotope Chemistry.- 6 Mineralogy of Kimberlites.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Native Elements.- 6.3 Sulphides.- 6.4 Halides.- 6.5 Oxides and Hydroxides.- 6.6 Carbonates.- 6.7 Sulphates.- 6.8 Phosphates.- 6.9 Silicates.- 6.10 Summary.- 7 Xenoliths in Kimberlite.- 7.1 Wall-Rock Fragments.- 7.2 Fragments from Earlier, Eroded Formations.- 7.3 Blocks Derived from Recognizable Underlying Formations.- 7.4 Granulites.- 7.5 Mantle-Derived Xenoliths.- 8 The Megacryst Suite.- 8.1 Petrography and Phase Chemistry.- 8.2 Trace Element and Isotope Chemistry.- 8.3 Conditions of Formation.- 9 The Sub-Continental Mantle and Crust - Evidence from Kimberlite Xenoliths.- 9.1 Distribution of Rock-Types Within the Upper Mantle.- 9.2 Processes in the Upper Mantle.- 9.3 The Deep Crust.- 9.4 Summary.- 10 Kimberlite Genesis.- 10.1 The Three Hypotheses.- 10.2 Relationship with Other Rock Types.- 10.3 The Kimberlite-Carbonatite Relationship.- 10.4 Kimberlite and Diamond.- 10.5 Relationship of Kimberlite Magmatism to Major Earth Movements.- 10.6 Outstanding Problems.- References.
Riassunto
In these days of information explosion and high-cost publishing, it is perhaps only reasonable for an author to convince the reading public that it is getting something worth reading. After all, intense research into the upper mantle over the past two decades has already resulted in a number of volumes on kim berlites and their xenoliths. So why yet another one? First, in this book I have concentrated on kimberlite as an individual rock-type and a sampler of the upper mantle, in the hope of complementing such monographs as Deep seated inclusions in kimberlites and the problem of the composition of the upper mantle by N. V. Sobolev and Geologie du Diamant by M. G. Bardet, which have concentrated more on specific aspects of kimberlite and upper mantle geology; as a result I have not attempted to describe diamond prospecting and mining and, although I have attempted to give some of the up-to-date views on xenolith petrology, the confines of space have not permitted me to explore the complexities of the upper mantle as deeply as has Sobolev. Second, the literature is vast and I have tried to pull together for the reader the wide range of views and infor mation presented both in the recent geological literature and in recent multi-author volumes such as the Proceedings Vol umes of the two International Conferences on Kimberlite held at Capetown in 1973 and Santa Fe in 1977.
