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It is the object of this series of monographs to present the experiments and interpre tations of a given laboratory. We have attempted in this volume to present our view of receptor-steroid interactions and their relation to steroid-induced responses. This view is necessarily biased by our own experimental results. While we have tried to in clude the views and results of others, this volume is not meant to be comprehensive. Rather it is selective and examines those topics within the general field of steroid hor mone action which we have addressed at the laboratory bench. The work reviewed in this volume would not exist without the help and support of many associates. Our mentors included Jorge Awapara, Jack Gorski, Henry Komer, Bill Ray, and Mike Zarrow. Associates instrumental in this work include George Barr, John Burgner, Sam Campbell, Constance Cardasis, Hitkan Eriksson, Stan Glasser, Jim Hardin, Mohammed Kalimi, Bruce Lester, Barry Markavarich, Shirley McCormick, Tony Means, Dan Medina, Ann Miller, Bert O'Malley, Helen Padyku la, Zigmund Paszko, Dale Snow, Susan Upchurch and Marian Walters. Students who have contributed to this effort include John Anderson, Joe DeLibero, Aaron Hsueh, Katrina Kelner, Debbie Metzger, Randy Richards, Jim Schaeffer, Mike Tytell, Lane von Brunt, and Cheryl Watson. Technicians without whose assistance this work could not exist include Toni Cetti, Wendy D'Attilio, Jeanie Haselby, Lily Hsueh, Helen Hyland, Jim Kovar, Kathy O'Connor, and Peggy Sansone.
Sommario
I. Introduction.- 1. Historical Aspects of Steroid Hormone Action.- 2. General Consideration of the Steroid Receptor Concept.- II. Steroid Receptor Characterization and Measurement.- 1. Receptor Criteria.- 2. Receptor Parameters: Theory and Practice.- 3. Receptor States and 3H-Steroid Exchange.- 4. Methods of Receptor Assay.- III. Cellular Compartments and Translocation of Receptor-Steroid Complexes.- 1. Cytoplasmic or Nuclear Localization of Receptors.- 2. Evidence for Nuclear Preference.- 3. Are Cytoplasmic Receptors Necessary?.- 4. Mechanisms for Steroid Accumulation not Involving Receptors.- IV. Characteristics of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Receptor Forms.- 1. Cytoplasmic Forms of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors.- 2. Nuclear Binding of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors.- 3. Nuclear Acceptor Sites and Nuclear Binding.- V. Nuclear Binding and Biologic Response.- 1. Nuclear Occupancy and Response.- 2. Nuclear Acceptors and Long-Term Nuclear Retention.- 3. Uterotropic Response and Nuclear Retention of the Estrogen Receptor.- 4. Nuclear Receptor Binding and the Control of Transcriptional Events in the Uterus.- 5. Interrelationships Between Early and Late Uterotropic Responses.- 6. Nuclear Binding and RNA Transcription in the Chick Oviduct.- 7. Nuclear Binding and the Control of RNA and Protein Synthesis in the Chicken Liver.- VI. Control of Steroid Receptor Levels and Steroid Antagonism.- 1. Control of Estrogen Receptor Concentrations.- 2. The Relationship of Cytoplasmic Replenishment of the Estrogen Receptor to Biologic Response.- 3. Control of the Progesterone Receptor by Estrogen.- 4. Effects of Progesterone on the Control of Progesterone Receptor.- 5. Control of Estrogen Receptor Levels by Progesterone and Its Relationship to Estrogen Antagonism.- 6. Estradiol Antagonism by Estriol and Other Short-Acting Estrogens.- 7. Triphenylethylene Derivatives and Estrogen Antagonism.- 8. General Considerations of Steroid Antagonism and Hormone Potency.- VII. Steroid Hormones and Neoplasia.- 1. Estrogens and Cancer.- 2. Triphenylethylene Derivatives, Hyperestrogenization, and Reproductive-Tract Cancer.- 3. Hyperestrogenization and Nuclear Body Formation.- 4. Steroid Receptors and Neoplasia.- VIII. Physiologic Relationships and Steroid Receptor Binding.- 1. Blood Binding and Metabolism of Steroids.- 2. Steroid Receptors During Development.- 3. Steroid Receptor Binding During the Reproductive Cycle.- IX. Gonadal Steroids and Brain Function.- 1. Distribution of Targets Within the Central Nervous System.- 2. Cytoplasmic Receptors for Estrogens and Progestins in the Central Nervous System.- 3. Translocation of Estrogen Receptors to Nuclear Compartments.- 4. Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Receptor Content or Function.- 5. Gonadal Steroids and Nervous System Function.- X. Speculations and Conclusions.- 1. Interplay of Low-and High-Affinity Steroid Receptive Sites.- 2. Spare Receptors and Hormone-Induced Responses.- 3. Nuclear Acceptors and Salt-Insoluble Receptors.- 4. Nuclear Processing of the Receptor-Estrogen Complex.- 5. Homeostatic vs. Growth-Regulating Steroid Hormones.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. Epilogue.- References.
