Ulteriori informazioni
Informationen zum Autor Ward Wheeler is Professor and Curator of Invertebrate Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History. He is the author of several books, software packages, and over 100 technical papers in empirical and theoretical systematics. Klappentext Systematics: A Course of Lectures is designed for use in an advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate level course in systematics and is meant to present core systematic concepts and literature. The book covers topics such as the history of systematic thinking and fundamental concepts in the field including species concepts, homology, and hypothesis testing. Analytical methods are covered in detail with chapters devoted to sequence alignment, optimality criteria, and methods such as distance, parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Trees and tree searching, consensus and super-tree methods, support measures, and other relevant topics are each covered in their own sections.The work is not a bleeding-edge statement or in-depth review of the entirety of systematics, but covers the basics as broadly as could be handled in a one semester course. Most chapters are designed to be a single 1.5 hour class, with those on parsimony, likelihood, posterior probability, and tree searching two classes (2 x 1.5 hours). Zusammenfassung Systematics: A Course of Lectures is designed for use in an advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate level course in systematics and is meant to present core systematic concepts and literature. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xv Using these notes xv Acknowledgments xvi List of algorithms xix I Fundamentals 1 1 History 2 1.1 Aristotle 2 1.2 Theophrastus 3 1.3 Pierre Belon 4 1.4 Carolus Linnaeus 4 1.5 Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 6 1.6 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 7 1.7 Georges Cuvier 8 1.8 ¿Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 8 1.9 JohannWolfgang von Goethe 8 1.10 Lorenz Oken9 1.11 Richard Owen 9 1.12 Charles Darwin 9 1.13 Stammbäume 12 1.14 Evolutionary Taxonomy 14 1.15 Phenetics 15 1.16 Phylogenetic Systematics 16 1.16.1 Hennig's Three Questions 16 1.17 Molecules and Morphology 18 1.18 We are all Cladists 18 1.19 Exercises 19 2 Fundamental Concepts 20 2.1 Characters 20 2.1.1 Classes of Characters and Total Evidence 22 2.1.2 Ontogeny, Tokogeny, and Phylogeny 23 2.1.3 Characters and Character States 23 2.2 Taxa 26 2.3 Graphs, Trees, and Networks 28 2.3.1 Graphs and Trees 30 2.3.2 Enumeration 31 2.3.3 Networks 33 2.3.4 Mono-, Para-, and Polyphyly 33 2.3.5 Splits and Convexity 38 2.3.6 Apomorphy, Plesiomorphy, and Homoplasy 39 2.3.7 Gene Trees and Species Trees 41 2.4 Polarity and Rooting 43 2.4.1 Stratigraphy 43 2.4.2 Ontogeny 43 2.4.3 Outgroups 45 2.5 Optimality 49 2.6 Homology 49 2.7 Exercises 50 3 Species Concepts, Definitions, and Issues 53 3.1 Typological or Taxonomic Species Concept 54 3.2 Biological Species Concept 54 3.2.1 Criticisms of the BSC 55 3.3 Phylogenetic Species Concept(s) 56 3.3.1 Autapomorphic/Monophyletic Species Concept 56 3.3.2 Diagnostic/Phylogenetic Species Concept 58 3.4 Lineage Species Concepts 59 3.4.1 Hennigian Species 59 3.4.2 Evolutionary Species 60 3.4.3 Criticisms of Lineage-Based Species 61 3.5 Species as Individuals or Classes 62 3.6 Monoism and Pluralism 63 3.7 Pattern and Process 63 3.8 Species Nominalism 64 3.9 Do Species Concepts Matter? 65 3.10 Exercises 65 4 Hypothesis Testing and the Philosophy of Science 67 4.1 Forms of...
