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Biosensors combine the power of microelectronics with the selectivity and sensitivity of biological components such as whole cells, organelles or biomolecules, e.g. antibodies, receptors, enzymes and nucleic acids. They are used to detect individual substances or groups of substances in the environment, such as industrial emissions that originate, for instance, from the textile, cellulose and pharmceutical industry as well as from agricultural activities. The biosensor approach is expected not only to provide a significant contribution to measurement technology but also a basis for competent political decisions. Up to now disturbances in lakes and rivers are detected more or less by chance. Essentially, only substances that can be assayed by traditional physico-chemical techniques are found. However, the pollution peak has usually already passed by the time the results become known and acquisition of evidence for the identification of the responsible party is hardly possible after the event. Therefore fast and continuous measurement systems such as biosensors are required to provide inexpensive and cost effective event-related sampling of water thus providing for the preservation of evidence. Biosensors can detect biological effects such as genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and endocrine responses. The sequence of these signals and especially the peak values provide valuable indicators for water protection and facilitate the elaboration of new strategies and concepts within water management. Of major importance is the knowledge of distribution of warning signals within space and time from water ecosystems. Only then can the "health status" of water be recognized sufficiently early.
Sommario
1 New techniques and analytes.- Resonant energy transfer detection for low volume immunoassay in environmental applications.- Screen-printed sensors and biosensors for environmental applications.- A manufacturing technology for biosensing.- Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of Irgarol 1051.- Immunosensor systems with renewable sensing surfaces.- 2 Industrial pollutants.- Catalytic and affinity amperometric biosensors for phenols, phosphates, and atrazine: how transduction can improve performance.- A master analytical protocol for determining a broad spectrum of organic pollutants in industrial effluents.- 3 Pesticides.- Measurement of priority metabolites using integrated optoelectronic biosensors derived from antibody and synthetic receptor libraries.- River analyser - multiresidue immunoanalytical monitoring tools.- Strategies for recombinant antibody library synthesis: An advanced source for immunoglobulins in environmental analysis.- Characterization of a monoclonal antibody and its fab fragment against diphenylurea hapten with BIA.- 4 Monitoring of toxic effects.- Endocrine disruptors: Monitoring of effects.- 5 Monitoring of genotoxicity.- Recombinant Escherichia coli cells as biodetector system for genotoxins.- 6 Field experiments.- Potential and capabilities of biosensors for the assessment of environmental pollutants.- Vitellogenin - a biomarker for endocrine disruptors.- 7 Perspectives.- How could a concerted action guide technological developments in the field of biosensors?.- Authors.
Info autore
Prof. Dr. Karl Cammann ist Lehrstuhlinhaber für Analytische Chemie und Leiter des Instituts für Chemo- und Biosensorik (ICB) an der Westfälischen Wilhelm-Universität Münster.
