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Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are one of the most diverse plant groups on the planet, and they offer tremendous resources for a broad range of industries. Flowering Plants examines the anatomy and morphology of angiosperms with a focus on relating their metabolic activities to products for the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and textile industries.
This up-to-date reference provides a thorough understanding of plant structure and chemical and molecular processes found in angiosperms. It covers many important topics on applied botany, and therefore, can also be used as a textbook for students of related fields. It details the latest research in the field, along with areas in need of further study, for students, researchers, and professionals working in industry. The book takes advantage of technological innovations to showcase a range of advanced techniques for studying plant structure and metabolites, such as cryo-electron microscopy, ultramicroscopy, x-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, and chromatography. Filled with helpful illustrations, diagrams, and flowcharts to aid comprehension, Flowering Plants offers readers the morphological, anatomic, and molecular knowledge about angiosperms they need for a range of industrial applications.
List of contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 An Introduction to Flowering Plants: Monocots and Eudicots 1
1.1 An Introduction to Major Group of Angiosperms: Monocots, Eudicots and Basal Angiosperms 1
1.2 Plant Cell: Revisions and Few Updates 5
1.3 Intracellular and Extracellular Communications are Crucial for Cells' Metabolic Demands 19
1.4 Future Perspectives 22
References 23
Further Reading 23
2 An Introduction to Angiosperm Natural Products 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Glucose Serves as a Precursor for Formation of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Plants 32
2.3 Classification of Natural Products of Angiosperms 33
2.4 Techniques for Isolation of Secondary Metabolites With Future Perspectives 44
References 46
Further Reading 47
3 Plant Tissues Organization of Angiosperms 53
3.1 Introduction to Plant Tissues 53
3.2 Diversity of Plant Cell 53
3.3 Parenchyma is the Main Ground Tissue of Plants 55
3.4 Collenchyma: Introduction and Distribution 55
3.5 Sclerenchyma is the Mechanical Tissue of Plants 57
3.6 Vascular Tissues: Xylem and Phloem 61
3.7 Phloem 69
3.8 Future Perspectives 72
References 72
Further Reading 73
4 Floral Cell Biology and Diversity in Floral Cells 77
4.1 Introduction to Angiosperms Flowers: Monocots and Eudicots 77
4.2 Morphological & Anatomical Characteristics of Eudicot Flowers 77
4.3 Morphology of Monocots Flowers 95
4.4 Channels and Transporters Within Floral Cells 98
4.5 Future Perspectives 102
References 102
Further Reading 103
5 Signaling During Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Angiosperms Show Diversity in Their Sporophytic and Gametophytic Generations 108
5.3 Angiosperms Spend Most Part of Their Lives as Sporophytes and Produce Gametophytes for a Shorter Period of Time 108
5.4 Septs From Pollination to Fertilization 111
5.5 Future Perspectives 128
References 128
Further Reading 129
6 Physiologically Active Metabolic Pathways in Floral Cells 135
6.1 Introduction to Floral Physiology 135
6.2 Glucose Fates in Floral Cells Differ According to Their Metabolic Demands 137
6.3 PPP Provides Floral Cells With Their Nucleotides and Important Pigments 141
6.4 ATP and NADPH Produced Through Photochemical Reactions Provide Energy for Sugar Formation in Stroma of Chloroplasts 143
6.5 Floral Photosynthesis Contributes to Sugar Requirements of Floral Whorls 145
6.6 Future Perspectives 155
References 155
Further Reading 156
7 Anthocyanins: Accumulation in Plants and Role in Industries 161
7.1 Anthocyanins Accumulation in Different Organs Is Indicative of Their Multiple Roles 161
7.2 Anthocyanidin Biosynthesis Takes Place in Cytosol of Cells, However, They are Accumulated in Vacuoles 162
7.3 Anthocyanins Exist in Modified Forms in Cells 165
7.4 Anthocyanins Transport to Vacuoles 168
7.5 Anthocyanins Role is Dependent Upon Their Location and Accumulation 168
7.6 Industrial Applications of Anthocyanins 178
7.7 Future Perspectives 181
References 182
Further Reading 184
8 Carotenoids: Introduction, Classification and Industrial Uses 189
8.1 Carotenoids are Vital for Leaves as Light Absorbing Pigments and for Flowers to Attract Their Pollinators 189
8.2 Oxygenated and De?-oxygenated Caro
About the author
Aisha Saleem Khan is Associate Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Forman Christian College, Pakistan. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Punjab and held a post-doctoral research post at Miami University, Ohio. Her research, which focuses on plant anatomy, electron microscopy, and heavy metal toxicity, has been published in national and international publications. Aisha has over 12 years' of teaching experience in plant systematics and applied botany.
Summary
Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are one of the most diverse plant groups on the planet, and they offer tremendous resources for a broad range of industries.
