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Ageing is a complex, time-related biological phenomenon that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated. According to even the most pessimistic projections, average lifespan is expected to increase around the world during the next 20 years, significantly raising the number of aged individuals. But increasing life expectancy presents new problems, and industrialized countries are facing a pronounced increase in lifestyle diseases which constitute barriers to healthy ageing.
Anti-Ageing Nutrients: Evidence-based Prevention of Age-Associated Diseases is written by a multi-disciplinary group of researchers, all interested in the nutritional modulation of ageing mechanisms. Structured in three parts, Part 1 looks at the cellular modifications that underlie senescence of cells and ageing of the organisms; the effects of energy restriction on cellular and molecular mechanisms and in the whole organism; and the epigenetic modifications associated with ageing. Part 2 includes chapters which discuss the nutritional modulation of age-associated pathologies and the functional decline of organs, with a focus on those primarily affected by chronological ageing. Part 3 summarises the knowledge presented in the previous chapters and considers the best diet pattern for the aged individuals.
The book reflects the most recent advances in anti-ageing nutrition and will be a valuable resource for professionals, educators and students in the health, nutritional and food sciences.
List of contents
List of contributors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgment xvii
Part I - Ageing of cells and organisms
1 Human ageing a biological view 3
Henrique Almeida and Liliana Matos
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Human ageing and frailty 4
1.2.1 Mortality curves 4
1.2.2 Susceptibility to disease and mortality 5
1.2.3 Age-related and age-dependent diseases 6
1.3 Fundamental causes 7
1.4 Experimental approach to human ageing 8
1.4.1 Ageing models in dividing cells: Replicative senescence and telomere involvement 8
1.4.2 Stress-induced premature senescence 10
1.4.3 Ageing in organs and tissues 11
1.4.4 Lipofuscin deposition following organelle dysfunction and damage accumulation 12
1.4.5 Damage consequences: Dysfunctional organelles and cell functional decline. Cell loss 13
1.5 Involving genes in organism ageing and longevity 14
1.5.1 Longevous humans 14
1.5.2 Experimental approaches 15
1.5.2.1 The insulin/IGF-1 axis 17
1.5.2.2 IGF-1 signaling into FOXO proteins 18
1.5.2.3 Other pathways 20
1.6 Conclusions and prospects 21
Acknowledgment 23
References 23
2 To eat or not to eat - Anti-ageing effects of energy restriction 33
Delminda Neves Maria João Martins Emanuel dos Passos and Inês Tomada
Part 1 33
2.1 Energy restriction as more than a weight-loss strategy 33
2.2 Restriction of energy vs restriction of nutrients 34
2.2.1 Experimental models of energy restriction 35
2.2.2 Observational studies and the first human trial of energy restriction: CALERIE study 40
2.3 Effects of energy restriction on organisms 42
2.3.1 Increased longevity and health of energy-restricted organisms 43
2.3.2 Body composition temperature and resting metabolic rate 46
2.3.3 Metabolism and insulin sensitivity 48
2.3.4 Immune system and inflammatory modulation 49
2.3.5 Neuroendocrine axes and adipokines 50
2.3.6 Growth factors and cytoprotective effects 57
2.4 Cellular and molecular effects of energy restriction 57
2.4.1 Modulation of gene expression 58
2.4.2 Molecular mechanisms of sirtuins 60
2.4.2.1 Sirtuin 1 60
2.4.2.2 Sirtuin 6 63
2.4.2.3 Sirtuin 7 63
2.4.2.4 Sirtuin 3 63
2.4.2.5 Sirtuins 4 and 5 64
2.4.2.6 Sirtuin 2 64
2.4.3 AMPK 65
2.4.4 Oxidative stress and metabolic reprogramming 65
2.4.5 Autophagy and mTOR signaling 67
2.5 Energy restriction mimetics 71
2.5.1 Sirtuin activity stimulators 72
2.5.2 Antidiabetic drugs 73
2.5.3 Rapamycine 74
2.5.4 Polyamines 74
2.5.5 Antilipolytic drugs 75
Part 2 76
2.6 Obesity and ageing 76
2.6.1 Obesity as a premature death inducer 76
2.6.2 Adipose tissue and metabolic dysregulation 79
2.6.2.1 Adipose tissue and disruption of endocrine secretion of adipokines 80
2.6.3 Mitochondrial dysfunction 80
2.6.4 Endoplasmic reticulum stress 81
2.6.4.1 Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response 82
2.6.4.2 Ageing-induced modification in unfolded protein response 83
2.6.4.3 Obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress 85
2.6.5 Anti-obesity effects of natural compounds extracted from plants 88
2.6.5.1 Polyphenols 88
2.6.6 Anti-obesity effects of minerals (magnesium) 96
2.7 Conclusion 98
Acknowledgment 98
Refere
About the author
Dr Delminda Neves is Associate Professor and Senior Researcher at the Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
Summary
Ageing is a complex, time-related biological phenomenon that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated. According to even the most pessimistic projections, average lifespan is expected to increase around the world during the next 20 years, significantly raising the number of aged individuals.
