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The Choctaw language, indigenous to the southeastern United States, now with its greatest concentrations ofspeakers in Missis sippi, Oklahoma, and Los Angeles, has in the main escaped the scrutinyoftheoreticallinguistics.ItisnotthatChoctaw isanintrin sicallyuninterestinglanguage- aquickglanceataclausewithfive agreement controllers and a mismatch between the caseofafree standingnominaland its agreement affix should dispelthat notion. Rather it is, I think, the question of what we can learn from a languageinwhichNPsdon'tmovearound,"WHs"don'tfront, and gaps simply arise from pronominalization. My hope is that the presentvolume,takentogetherwithagrowingliteraturespurredon by the workofPamMunro and her students atUCLA, will bring Choctawintothelightofdayand into the circleoflanguagescon sidered when constructing theories that define "possible human language". Thepresentstudy,arevisionofmy 1981dissertation(University ofCalifornia,SanDiego),focusesfirstandforemostontheChoctaw agreementsystem,takingthisasthekeytothestructureofChoctaw syntax. The immediate goal, then, is to provide a unified account ofthestructures and rules underlyingtheagreement system.Along the way a rangeofgrammatical phenomena is examined, taken as evidence for particular structural configurations, and incorporated into awell-integratedaccountofmorphologicaland syntacticfacts. The resultsbearon anumber ofcurrent issues, includingthe Un accusative Hypothesis, the existence of demotions, the nature of antipassive, disjunctive rule application, universals of causative constructions, and others.For these reasons Choctawdeserves the scrutinyoftheoreticians. The data forming the corpus for analysis represent a variety of Oklahoma Choctaw.They were collected from a nativespeaker in San Diego between 1978 and 1982 and from various speakers in Oklahoma during two extended visits to Broken Bow in 1980. I lX PREFACE x wishtothankthespeakerswhohelpedmebysharingtheirlanguage andencouragingmystudies.MyworkonChoctawwassupportedin partbyfundsfrom theNationalScienceFoundation(throughgrant numberBNS78-17498totheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego), theAmericanPhilosophicalSociety(throughaPhillipsFundgrant), andtheDepartmentofLinguisticsatUCSD.
List of contents
1: Introduction.- 1. Choctaw verb agreement.- 2. Other problems in Choctaw.- 3. Results of the study.- 2: Two Classes of Intransitive Predicates.- 1. Properties of Choctaw subjects.- 2. The two classes of intransitives and the Unaccusative Hypothesis.- 3. Final 1hood of unaccusative subjects.- 4. The role of the Unaccusative Hypothesis.- 5. Summary.- 3: Dative Beneficiaries and Dative Possessors.- 1. Dative beneficiaries.- 2. Dative possessors.- 3. Summary.- 4: The Double Accusative Construction.- 1. The structure of the subject.- 2. The Antipassive structure.- 3. The configuration of the initial 2.- 4. Possessor Ascension and the Antipassive structure.- 5. Conclusions.- 5: Dative Subjects.- 1. Characterization of the dative subject.- 2. Characterizing the object.- 3. The failure of an alternative analysis.- 4. Conclusion.- 6: Dative Direct Objects.- 1. The dative direct object.- 2. Accusative subject/dative direct object clauses.- 3. Inversion and 2-3 Retreat.- 4. Demotions in Universal Grammar.- 7: A Proposal for Verb Agreement.- 1. An account of Choctaw verb agreement.- 2. Disjunctive application of agreement rules.- 3. Summary.- Appendix: Switch-reference and disjunctive rule application.- 8: The Interaction of Agreement and Case.- 1. Transparency of agreement and case.- 2. Agreement as a lexical property.- 3. A proposal for agreement and case.- 4. Conclusion.- References.
