High Voltage and Electrical Insulation Engineering

Informationen zum Autor Dr. Ravindra Arora retired from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in May 2008! where he worked for thirty-four years. At IITK! he established a unique high voltage laboratory! where he conducted research activity for more than forty master's theses! two PhDs! and a large number of undergraduate projects! besides having completed several industry-sponsored projects. He has been a Senior Member of IEEE since 1988 and is a Life Member of the Institution of Engineers (India).Dr. Wolfgang Mosch retired as head and chair professor of the Institute of High Voltage Technology in the Electrical Engineering (Power) Division of Technical University Dresden! Germany! in 1993. He has been actively involved with teaching! research! and industry in high voltage and insulation engineering since 1960. Klappentext A novel fundamental approach to the behavior of dielectrics in high voltage engineeringHigh voltage engineering is the study of dielectric materials! involving physical models to describe how an electric field affects the performance of insulation. It is characterized by the interaction of an electric field with an atom under different conditions. This one-of-a-kind resource features a novel! valuable approach to describing the field-dependent behavior of dielectrics and electrical insulation systems when subjected to high voltage. Based on the advanced-level courses conducted at Technical University Dresden! Germany! and Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur! India! the book provides the knowledge necessary for an economical! dependable! and optimum design of insulation systems for all high voltage power apparatus used in power systems.The contents begin with the description of fundamental terminology commonly used in the area of high voltage engineering. This is followed by the classification of electric fields and the techniques of field estimation. Then the performance of gases! liquids! solids! and vacuum as dielectrics under different field conditions is described. Unique features of this resource include:* Detailed descriptions of the three types of electric fields on the basis of the Schwaiger Factor* Introduction of the new concept of Weakly Nonuniform Field* Classification and explanation of three types of Coronas: Star! Streamer! and Leader* A new approach to explaining the mechanism of the lightning phenomenon* Separate! detailed chapters on electric fields! lightning and ball lightning! and the insulating properties of a vacuum* In-depth coverage of the performance of sulfure hexaflouride gas and its mixtures applicable to the design of Gas Insulated SystemsGraduate-level students and teachers! as well as scientists and engineers involved in highvoltage and insulation engineering and research and development! will appreciate this simple and systematic approach to the subject. Industry and utility personnel will rely on this resource to better understand the practical problems encountered with high voltage installations and equipment. Zusammenfassung The book is written for students as well as for teachers and researchers in the field of High Voltage and Insulation Engineering. It is based on the advance level courses conducted at TU Dresden, Germany and Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. The book has a novel approach describing the fundamental concept of field dependent behavior of dielectrics subjected to high voltage. There is no other book in the field of high voltage engineering following this new approach in describing the behavior of dielectrics.The contents begin with the description of fundamental terminology in the subject of high voltage engineering. It is followed by the classification of electric fields and the techniques of field estimation. Performance of gaseous, liquid and solid dielectrics under different field conditions is described in the subsequent chapters. Separate chapters on vacuum as insulation a...

List of contents

PREFACE xiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Electric Charge and Discharge 21.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetics 31.3 Dielectric and Electrical Insulation 51.4 Electrical Breakdown 51.4.1 Global Breakdown 61.4.2 Local Breakdown 61.5 Corona, Streamer and Aurora 61.6 Capacitance and Capacitor 81.6.1 Stray Capacitance 9References 10CHAPTER 2 ELECTRIC FIELDS, THEIR CONTROL AND ESTIMATION 112.1 Electric Field Intensity, "E" 112.2 Breakdown and Electric Strength of Dielectrics, "Eb" 132.2.1 Partial Breakdown in Dielectrics 142.3 Classifi cation of Electric Fields 152.3.1 Degree of Uniformity of Electric Fields 172.4 Control of Electric Field Intensity (Stress Control) 202.5 Estimation of Electric Field Intensity 252.5.1 Basic Equations for Potential and Field Intensity in Electrostatic Fields 262.5.2 Analytical Methods for the Estimation of Electric Field Intensity in Homogeneous Isotropic Single Dielectric 292.5.3 Analysis of Electric Field Intensity in Isotropic Multidielectric System 382.5.4 Numerical Methods for the Estimation of Electric Field Intensity 482.5.5 Numerical Optimization of Electric Fields 612.6 Conclusion 66References 67CHAPTER 3 FIELD DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF AIR AND OTHER GASEOUS DIELECTRICS 693.1. Fundamentals of Field Assisted Generation of Charge Carriers 713.1.1 Impact Ionization 743.1.2 Thermal Ionization 753.1.3 Photoionization and Interaction of Metastables with Molecules 763.2 Breakdown of Atmospheric Air in Uniform and Weakly Nonuniform Fields 773.2.1 Uniform Field with Space Charge 783.2.2 Development of Electron Avalanche 803.2.3 Development of Streamer or "Kanal Discharge" 863.2.4 Breakdown Mechanisms 873.2.5 Breakdown Voltage Characteristics in Uniform Fields (Paschen's Law) 993.2.6 Breakdown Voltage Characteristics in Weakly Nonuniform Fields 1083.3 Breakdown in Extremely Nonuniform Fields and Corona 1093.3.1 Development of Avalanche Discharge 1103.3.2 Development of Streamer or Kanal Discharge 1143.3.3 Development of Stem and Leader Corona 1223.3.4 Summary of the Development of Breakdown in Extremely Nonuniform Fields 1323.3.5 Breakdown Voltage Characteristics of Air in Extremely Nonuniform Fields 1343.3.6 Effects of Partial Breakdown or Corona in Atmospheric Air 1593.4 Electric Arcs and Their Characteristics 1683.4.1 Static Voltage-Current, U-I, Characteristics of Arcs in Air 1693.4.2 Dynamic U-I Characteristics of Arcs 1713.4.3 Extinction of Arcs 1733.5 Properties of Sulphurhexafl uoride, SF6 Gas and Its Application in Electrical Installations 1743.5.1 Properties of Sulphurhexafl uoride, SF6 Gas 1763.5.2 Breakdown in Uniform and Weakly Nonuniform Fields with SF6 Insulation 1803.5.3 External Factors Affecting Breakdown Characteristics in Compressed Gases 1873.5.4 Breakdown in Extremely Nonuniform and Distorted Weakly Nonuniform Fields with Stable PB in SF6 Gas Insulation 1993.5.5 Electrical Strength of Mixtures of SF6 with Other Gases 2023.5.6 Decomposition of SF6 and Its Mixtures in Gas Insulated Equipment 2063.5.7 SF6 Gas and Environment 209References 211CHAPTER 4 LIGHTNING AND BALL LIGHTNING, DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS, DELETERIOUS EFFECTS, PROTECTION 2174.1 The Globe, A Capacitor 2184.1.1 The Earth's Atmosphere and the Clouds 2194.1.2 Clouds and Their Important Role 2214.1.3 Static Electric Charge in the Atmosphere 2234.2 Mechanisms of Lightning Strike 2274.2.1 Mechanisms of Breakdown in Long Air Gap 2284.2.2 Mechanisms of Lightning Strike on the Ground 2294.2.3 Preference of Locations for the Lightning to Strike 2314.3 Deleterious Effects of Lightning 2324.3.1 Loss of Life of the Living Beings 2334.3.2 Fire Hazards Due to Lightning 2334.3.3 Blast Created by Lightning 2334.3.4 Development of Transient Over-Voltage Due to Lightning Strike on the Electric Power System Network and Its Protection 2344.4 Protection from Lightning 2364.4.1 Protection of Lives 2374.4.2 Protection of Buildings and Structures 2384.4.3 The Protected Area 2404.5 Ball Lightning 2424.5.1 The Phenomenon of Ball Lightning 2434.5.2 Injurious Effects of Ball Lightning 2434.5.3 Models and Physics of Ball Lightning 2444.5.4 Ball Lightning without Lightning Strike 245References 247CHAPTER 5 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF VACUUM AS HIGH VOLTAGE INSULATION 2495.1 Pre-breakdown Electron Emission in Vacuum 2505.1.1 Mechanism of Electron Emission from Metallic Surfaces 2505.1.2 Non-Metallic Electron Emission Mechanisms 2535.2 Pre-Breakdown Conduction and Spark Breakdown in Vacuum 2585.2.1 Electrical Breakdown in Vacuum Interrupters 2655.2.2 Effect of Conditioning of Electrodes on Breakdown Voltage 2675.2.3 Effect of Area of Electrodes on Breakdown in Vacuum 2685.3 Vacuum as Insulation in Space Applications 2695.3.1 Vacuum-Insulated Power Supplies for Space 2705.3.2 Vacuum Related Problems in Low Earth Orbit Plasma Environment 2705.4 Conclusion 271References 272CHAPTER 6 LIQUID DIELECTRICS, THEIR CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES, AND BREAKDOWN STRENGTH 2756.1 Classifi cation of Liquid Dielectrics 2766.1.1 Mineral Insulating Oils 2776.1.2 Vegetable Oils 2786.1.3 Synthetic Liquid Dielectrics, the Chlorinated Diphenyles 2806.1.4 Inorganic Liquids as Insulation 2826.1.5 Polar and Nonpolar Dielectrics 2826.2 Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materials 2836.2.1 Insulation Resistance Offered by Dielectrics 2836.2.2 Permittivity of Insulating Materials 2856.2.3 Polarization in Insulating Materials 2866.2.4 Dielectric Power Losses in Insulating Materials 2936.3 Breakdown in Liquid Dielectrics 2966.3.1 Electric Conduction in Insulating Liquids 2976.3.2 Intrinsic Breakdown Strength 3016.3.3 Practical Breakdown Strength Measurement at Near Uniform Fields 3026.3.4 Breakdown in Extremely Nonuniform Fields and the Development of Streamer 3076.4 Aging in Mineral Insulating Oils 313References 316CHAPTER 7 SOLID DIELECTRICS, THEIR SOURCES, PROPERTIES, AND BEHAVIOR IN ELECTRIC FIELDS 3197.1 Classifi cation of Solid Insulating Materials 3207.1.1 Inorganic Insulating Materials 3207.1.2 Polymeric Organic Materials 3237.1.3 Composite Insulating System 3337.2 Partial Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics 3377.2.1 Internal Partial Breakdown 3377.2.2 Surface Discharge (Tracking) 3457.2.3 Degradation of Solid Dielectrics Caused by PB 3477.2.4 Partial Breakdown Detection and Measurement 3497.3 Breakdown and Pre-Breakdown Phenomena in Solid Dielectrics 3517.3.1 Intrinsic Breakdown Strength of Solid Dielectrics 3527.3.2 Thermal Breakdown 3557.3.3 Mechanism of Breakdown in Extremely Nonuniform Fields 3597.3.4 "Treeing" a Pre-Breakdown Phenomenon in Polymeric Dielectrics 3607.3.5 Requirement of Time for Breakdown 3637.3.6 Estimation of Life Expectancy Characteristics 3667.3.7 Practical Breakdown Strength and Electric Stress in Service of Solid Dielectrics 368References 369INDEX 371

Report

"It is an up-to-date reference book on the fundamentals of dielectric breakdown phenomena that will surely be used by students and researchers for many years to come." (Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2011)

Product details

• Authors: Arora, Ravindra Arora, Ravindra (Dr. Arora, Ravindra (Dr.) Arora, Ravindra Mosch Arora, Wolfgang Mosch, Wolfgang (Dr.) Mosch
• Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publishers Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 02.09.2011
• EAN: 9780470609613
• ISBN: 978-0-470-60961-3
• Dimensions: 163 mm x 242 mm x 26 mm
• Series: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering; IEEE Press Series on Power Eng; IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering; IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Electronics, electrical engineering, communications engineering; Energietechnik, Energie, ENERGY, Hochspannungstechnik, Isolator, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik, Power Technology & Power Engineering, Dielektrika u. Isolatoren, Dielectrics & Electric Insulators