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Informationen zum Autor The CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY (CCPS), an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has been a world leader in developing and disseminatinginformation on process safety management and technology since 1985. CCPS has published over 80 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series. For more information, visit www.ccpsonline.org. Zusammenfassung Drawn from international sources, this book provides principles and strategies for the evaluation of chemical reactions, and for using this information in process design and management, and places special emphasis on the use of state-of-the-art technology in theory, testing methods, and applications in design and operations. Inhaltsverzeichnis List of Tables. List of Figures. Preface. Acknowledgments. Glossary. List of Symbols. Chapter 1. Introduction . 1.1. General. 1.2. Chemical Reactivity. 1.3. Detonations, Deflagrations, and Runaways. 1.4. Assessment and Testing Strategies. Chapter 2. Identification of Hazardous Chemical Reactivity. 2.1. Summary/Strategy. 2.1.1. Introduction. 2.1.2. Hazard Identification Strategy. 2.1.3. Exothermic Reactions. 2.1.4. Experimental Thermal and Reactivity Measurements. 2.1.5. Test Strategies. 2.1.6. Overview of Thermal Stability Test methods. 2.1.7. Examples of Interpretation and Application of Test Data. 2.2. Technical Section. 2.2.2. Identification of High Energy Substances. 2.2.3. Hazard Prediction by Thermodynamic Calculations. 2.2.3.1. Oxygen Balance. 2.2.3.2. Calculation of the Reaction Enthalpy. 2.2.3.3. Application of Computer Programs. 2.2.4. Instability/Incompatibility Factors. 2.2.4.1. Factors Influencing Stability. 2.2.4.2. Redox Systems. 2.2.4.3. Reactions with Water. 2.2.4.4. Reactions between Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Metals. 2.3. Practical Testing. 2.3.1. Screening Tests. 2.3.1.1. Thermal Analysis. 2.3.1.2. Isoperibolic Calorimetry. 2.3.2. Thermal Stability and Runaway Testing. 2.3.2.1. Isothermal Storage Tests. 2.3.2.2. Dewar Flask Testing and Adiabatic Storage Tests. 2.3.2.3. Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC). 2.3.2.4. Stability Tests for Powders. 2.3.3. Explosibility Testing. 2.3.3.1.Detonation Testing. 2.3.3.2. Deflagration Testing and Autoclave Testing. 2.3.3.3. Mechanical Sensitivity Testing. 2.3.3.4. Sensitivity to heating Under Confinement. 2.3.4. Reactivity Testing. 2.3.4.1. Pyrophoric Properties. 2.3.4.2. Reactivity with Water. 2.3.4.3. Oxidizing Properties. 2.3.5. Flammability Testing. Chapter 3. Chemical Reactivity Considerations in Process/Reactor Design and Operation. 3.1. Introduction. 3.1.1. Thermal Hazards: Identification and Analysis. 3.1.1.1. Cause, Definition, and Prevention of a Runaway. 3.1.1.2. Some Simple Rules for Inherent Safety. 3.1.1.3. Strategy for Inherent Safety in Design and Operation. 3.1.1.4. Equipment to be Used for the Analysis of Hazards. 3.2. Reactor, Heat and Mass Balance Considerations. 3.2.1. Heat and Mass Balances, Kinetics, and Reaction Stability. 3.2.1.1. Adiabatic Temperature Rise. 3.2.1.2. The Reaction. 3.2.1.3. Reaction Rate. 3.2.1.4. Reaction Rate Constant. 3.2.1.5. Concentration of Reactants. 3.2.1.6. Effect of Surrounding Temperature on Stability. 3.2.1.7. Effect of Agitation and Surface Fouling on Stability. 3.2.1.8. Mass Balance. 3.2.2. Choice of Reactor. 3.2.3. Heat Transfer. 3.2.3.1. Heat Transfer in Nonagitated...
