Biomechanics of Hard Tissues - Modeling, Testing, and Materials

This monograph assembles expert knowledge on the latest biomechanical modeling and testing of hard tissues, coupled with a concise introduction to the structural and physical properties of bone and cartilage.A strong focus lies on the current advances in understanding bone structure and function from a materials science perspective, providing practical knowledge on how to model, simulate and predict the mechanical behavior of bone. The book presents directly applicable methods for designing and testing the performance of artificial bones and joint replacements, while addressing innovative and safe approaches to stimulated bone regeneration essential for clinical researchers.

List of contents

1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIESIntroductionThe Structure of Living OrganismsGrowth of Living OrganismsRing-Shaped Grain BoundaryPlanarity of Biological StructuresMicroscopie Structure of the BoneGrowth of the BoneStructure of the BodyMacroscopic Structure of SkeletonApatite in the BoneStructure of the BoneMicroscopic Structure of the BoneGeneralOsteonBone InnervationAnatomy of Bone InnervationBone CellsCellsCell MembraneMembrane TransportBone Cell TypesOsteoclastsCellular Image - OPG/RANK/RANKL Signaling SystemOsteoprotegerinRANK/RANKLTACEBone Modeling and RemodelingProteins and Amino AcidsCollagen and Its PropertiesMolecular StructureGeometry of Triple HelixPolymer ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsIdeal ChainWormlike ChainArchitecture of Biological FibersArchitecture of Collagen Fibers in Human OsteonCollagen ElasticityReferencesFurther Reading2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTSIntroductionMechanical Adaptation of Bone Constitutive ModelsBone Constitutive ModelModel of Preprosthetic AdaptationModel of Interfacial AdaptationNumerical ExamplesFinal RemarksAcknowledgmentsReferences3 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIALIntroductionBone PhasesOrganicMineralPhysical Structure of Bone MaterialWaterBone Phase Material PropertiesOrganic MatrixMineral PhaseWaterElastic Modulus of Composite MaterialsBone as a Composite: Macroscopic EffectsBone as a Composite: Microscale EffectsBone as a Composite: Anisotropy EffectsBone as a Composite: ImplicationsReferences4 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGNIntroductionBiological and Mechanobiological Factores in Bone Remodeling and Bone Fracture HealingBone RemodelingBone Fracture HealingPhenomenological Models of Bone RemodelingMechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant DesignModels of Tissue Differentiation Application to Bone Fracture HealingMechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing Models to Implant DesignConcluding Remarks References5 BIOMECHANICAL TESTING OF ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS; ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY AND SIMULATIONIntroductionTribological Testing of Orthopedic ImplantsTribological Testing of Tissue from a Living BodyTheoretical Analysis for Tribological IssuesReferences6 CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR FOR TRABECULAR BONE - CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHESIntroductionSummy of Elasticity Theory and Continuum MechanicsStress Tensor and DecompositionInvariants Constitutive EquationsLinear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Isotropic MaterialsLinear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Orthotropic MaterialsLinear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Orthotropic Materials with Cubic StructureLinear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Transverse Isotropic MaterialsPlastic Behavior, Failure and Limit SurfaceThe Structure of Trabecular Bone and Modeling Approaches Structural Analogies: Cellular Plastics and MaterialsConclusionsReferences7 MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON CELLS FOR BONE REGENERATIONIntroductionMechanical Stimulation on CellsVarious Mechanical StimulationsTechniques for Applying Mechanical LoadingMechanotransductionMechanical Influences on Stem CellMagnetic Stimulation on CellsMagnetic Nanoparticles for Cell StimulationProperties of Magnetic NanoparticlesFunctionalization of Magnetic NanoparticlesMagnetic StimulationMagnetic PullingMagnetic TwistingLimitation of Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cell StimulationMagnetic Stimulation and Cell Conditioning for Tissue RegenerationSummary References8 Joint Replacement ImplantsIntroductionBiomaterials for Joint Replacement ImplantsJoint Replacement Implants for Weight-Bearing JointsIntroductionHip Joint Replacement Knee Joint ReplacementAnkle Joint ReplacemenMethods of Fication for Weight-Bearing Joint Replacement ImplantsJoint Replacement Implants for Joints of the Hand and WristIntroductionFinger Joint ReplacementWrist Joint ReplacementDesign of Joint Replacement ImplantsIntroductionFeasibility DesignVerificationManufactureValidationDesign TransferDesign ChangesConlusionsReferences9 INTERSTITIAL FLUID MOVEMENT IN CORTICAL BONE TISSUE IntroductionArterial SupplyOverview of the Arterial System in BoneDynamics of the Arterial SystemTranscortical Arterial HemodynamicsThe Arterial System in Small Animals May Be Different from That in HumansMicrovascular Network of Cortical BoneMicrovascular Network of Cortical BoneVenous Drainage of BoneBone Lymphatics and Blood Vessel Trans-Wall TransportThe Levels of Bone Porosity and Their Bone InterfacesThe Vascular PorosityThe Lacunar - Canalicular PorosityThe Collagen - Hydroxyapatite PorosityCancellous Bone PorosityThe Interfaces between the Levels of Bone PorosityInterstitial Fluid FlowThe Different Fluid Pressures in Long Bones (Blood Pressure, Interstitial Fluid Pressure, and Intramedullary Pressure)Interstitial Flow and MechanosensationElectrokinetic Effects in BoneThe Poroelastic Model for the Cortical BoneInterchange of Interstitial Fluid between the Vascular and Lacunar - Canalicular PorositesImplications for the Determination of the Permeabilites References10 Bone Implant Design Using Optimization MethodsIntroductionOptimization Methods for Implant DesingCemented StemsUncemented StemsDesign Requirements for a Cementless Hip StemImplant StabilityStress Shielding EffectMulticriteria Formulation for Hip Stem Design Design Variables and GeometryObjective Function for Interface Displacement Objective Function for Interface StressObjective Function for Bone RemodelingMulticriteria Objective FunctionComputational ModelOptimization AlgorithmFinite Element ModelOptimal Geometries AnalysisOptimal Geometry for Tangential Interfacial Displacement Optimal Geometry for Normal Contact StressOptimal Geometry for RemodelingMulticriteria Optimal GeometriesLong-Term Performance of Optimized Implants Concluding RemarksReferencesINDEX

About the author

Andreas Öchsner, born 1970, is Full Professor in the Department Solid Mechanics and Design at the University of Technology Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia and Head of the Advanced Materials and Structure Lab. Having obtained a Diploma Degree (Dipl.-Ing.) in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart (1997), Germany, he spent the time from 1997-2003 at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as a research and teaching assistant to obtain his Doctor of Engineering Sciences (Dr.-Ing.). From 2003-06, he worked as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Cellular Metals Group affiliated with the University of Aveiro, Portugal. His research interests are related to experimental and computational mechanics, cellular metals and thin structures and interphases. His research activities were recognised in 2010 by the award of a higher doctorate degree (D.Sc.) by the University of Newcastle, Australia.

Waqar Ahmed is Director of the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation at the School of Computing, Technology and Applied Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire, UK. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Salford/Strathclyde and holds a certificate in business administration from the University of Warwick. Before pursuing his academic career he worked as an engineer and operations manager in various British companies. Waqar Ahmed acts as editor-in-chief for four international journals devoted to nanomanufacturing and biomaterials and as vice-president of the Society of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology.

Summary

This monograph assembles expert knowledge on the latest biomechanical modeling and testing of hard tissues, coupled with a concise introduction to the structural and physical properties of bone and cartilage.
A strong focus lies on the current advances in understanding bone structure and function from a materials science perspective, providing practical knowledge on how to model, simulate and predict the mechanical behavior of bone. The book presents directly applicable methods for designing and testing the performance of artificial bones and joint replacements, while addressing innovative and safe approaches to stimulated bone regeneration essential for clinical researchers.

Product details

• Authors: Waqar Ahmed, Andreas Öchsner
• Assisted by: Ahmed (Editor), Ahmed (Editor), Waqar Ahmed (Editor), Andrea Öchsner (Editor), Andreas Öchsner (Editor)
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Languages: English, German
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 30.11.2010
• EAN: 9783527324316
• ISBN: 978-3-527-32431-6
• No. of pages: 306
• Dimensions: 178 mm x 246 mm x 22 mm
• Weight: 844 g
• Illustrations: 134 SW-Abb., 14 Farbabb., 31 Tabellen
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Chemistry > Miscellaneous; Maschinenbau, Nanotechnologie, Biomechanik, biomechanics, Biomaterial, Materialwissenschaften, Mechanical Engineering, Solid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Materials science, Biomedical engineering, Biomaterials, Nanomaterialien, Nanomaterials, Festkörpermechanik, Biomedizintechnik, Biomaterialien