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1. Microbes as parasites . The varieties of microbes . Living inside or outside cells . Systems of classification 2. The bacteria . Structure . Nutrition . Growth and division . Gene expression . Extrachromosomal elements . Mutation and gene transfer . Survival under adverse conditions . The genomics of medically important bacteria 3. The viruses . Infection of host cells . Replication . Outcome of viral infection . Major groups of viruses 4. The fungi . Major groups of disease-causing fungi 5. The protozoa 6. The helminths and arthropods . The helminths . The arthropods 7. Prions . 'Rogue protein' pathogenesis . Development and transmission of prion diseases . Medical problems posed by prion disease 8. The host-parasite relationship . The normal flora . Symbiotic associations . The characteristics of parasitism . The evolution of parasitism 9. The innate defenses of the body . Defense against entry into the body . Defenses once the microorganism penetrates the body 10. Adaptive responses provide a 'quantum leap' in effective defense . The role of antibodies . The role of T lymphocytes . Extracellular attack on large infectious agents . Local defenses at mucosal surfaces 11. The cellular basis of adaptive immune responses . B and T cell receptors . Clonal expansion of lymphocytes . The role of memory cells . Stimulation of lymphocytes . Cytokines . Regulatory mechanisms . Tolerance mechanisms 12. Background to the infectious diseases . Host-parasite relationships . Causes of infectious diseases . The biologic response gradient 13. Entry, exit and transmission . Sites of entry . Exit and transmission . Types of transmission between humans . Transmission from animals 14. Immune defenses in action . Complement . Acute phase proteins and pattern recognition receptors . Fever . Natural killer cells . Phagocytosis . Cytokines . Antibody-mediated immunity . Cell-medited immunity . Recovery from infection 15. Spread and replication . Features of surface and systemic infections . Mechanisms of spread through the body . Genetic determinants of spread and replication . Other factors affecting spread and replication 16. Parasite survival strategies and persistent infections . Parasite survival strategies . Concealment of antigens . Antigenic variation . Immunosuppression . Persistent infections 17. Pathologic consequences of infection . Pathology caused directly by the microorganism . Pathologic activation of natural immune mechanisms . Pathologic consequences of the immune response . Skin rashes . Viruses and cancer Introduction to Section 4: The Clinical Manifestations of Infection 18. Upper respiratory tract infections . The common cold . Pharyngitis and tonsillitis . Parotitis . Otitis and sinusitis . Acute epiglottitis . Oral cavity infections . Laryngitis and tracheitis . Diphtheria 19. Lower respiratory tract infections . Acute infections . Chronic infections . Parasitic infections 20. Urinary tract infections . Acquisition and etiology . Pathogenesis . Clinical features and complications . Laboratory diagnosis . Treatment . Prevention 21. Sexually transmitted diseases . STDs and sexual behavior . Syphilis . Gonorrhea . Chlamydial infection . Other causes of inguinal lymphadenopathy . Mycoplasmas and non-gonococcal urethritis . Other causes of vaginitis and urethritis . Genital herpes . Human...
