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This open access book examines the historical development of the concept of the virtual particle, from the first prominent appearance of virtual entities in quantum physics in the Bohr-Kramers-Slater (BKS) theory (1924) to the most common representation of virtual particles in Feynman diagrams (1949).
Through a pragmatically informed approach to concept formation, focusing on the different representations of virtual entities and their role in theoretical practice, this work unravels the (dis)connections between the concepts of virtual oscillators (early 1920s), virtual transitions (the late 1920s to mid-1940s), and, finally, virtual particles (mid-1930s to late 1940s). The shifts and continuities in the conceptual development must be understood within the broader transformation of the theoretical framework, from the so-called Old Quantum Theory to the emergence of quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum field theory of the 1930s, culminating in the reconfiguration of the practice of QED in the hands of Richard Feynman in the late 1940s. A key pragmatically informed feature uniting these concepts is their shared function: they extended the set of possible processes and rendered these possibilities effective.
This book will be of interest to historians and philosophers of physics and mathematics.
List of contents
Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. How to conceive of the concept of virtual particles in a historical study of its development.- Chapter 3. The community of practitioners.- Part I. From virtual oscillators to virtual transitions (1923 1929).- Chapter 4. The BKS theory and the Light Quantum Hypothesis: virtual entities and transitions to intermediate states, but in different conceptual frameworks (1923 1925).- Chapter 5. Dirac s verbal model: Making transitions a quantum concept (1927).- Chapter 6. The Raman effect: How virtual transitions became virtual (for the first time) and real transitions were excluded from the conception of scattering (1928 1929).- Part II. Theoretical practice with virtual transitions (1928 1942).- Chapter 7. Scattering and the sea: Antiparticles and intermediate states (1928 1931).- Chapter 8. The practice of time-dependent perturbation theory (Part I): Formal and conceptual extensions (1929 1936).- Chapter 9 The practice of time-dependent perturbation theory (Part II): Virtual possibilities, modes of representation, and the reprise of the Schüttelwirkung (1934 1942).- Part III. From virtual transitions to virtual particles (1930 1949).- Chapter 10. In between: Traces of the virtual particle during the 1930s.- Chapter 11. Outlook: Feynman, diagrams, and virtual particles (1948 1949).- Part IV. Analysis, Summary, and Conclusion.- Chapter 12. Representations and Practices in the Formation of the Virtual Particle Concept.
About the author
Markus Ehberger studied physics (B.Sc.) and history of science (M.Sc.) in Regensburg and Jena. He was a member of the DFG-funded research group The Epistemology of the LHC in the project A1: The Formation and Development of the Concept of the Virtual Particle. Within this project, he was a research associate at the TU Berlin and the RWTH Aachen and wrote his dissertation (TU Berlin) about the conceptual development of the virtual particle. As a research associate at FSU Jena and together with Christian Forstner, he developed and wrote a physics history city guide for the city of Jena. Since 2022, Markus Ehberger has worked at the Deutsches Museum (Munich), at first as the Managing Editor of the Open Access book series Deutsches Museum Studies, now as part of the internet editorial office and as a member of the team for the new physics exhibition.
