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This revised edition investigates first-hand evidence of the use of special effects in fire and flame in medieval and Tudor theatre. Evidence concerning the use of special effects in fire and flame in medieval and Tudor theatre points to some hazardous, exciting and spectacular theatrical activity. The effects range from the simple use of candles to impressive ''set-pieces'' for dramatic firework events. Although the term ''special effect'' is not a medieval one, it is a useful modern term to draw together activity through the production of flame and fire in addition to that produced by the actions of players. Exploring the production of pyrotechnic devices and approaches to their construction, provision and creative use, this book considers five major forms of evidence: guild, civic and ecclesiastical records; firework writers'' recipes; eye-witness accounts; recipes in Books of Secrets and explicit stage directions in plays. This edition reidentifies one of the five forms of evidence, the ''explicit stage direction'' in use before 1560, as the ''record of performance'', and reassesses it in this new light. This revised edition makes use of related research that has been produced since 1998, when the first edition was published by the Society of Theatre Research, and includes further discussion of the extent to which interpretative weight may be put on to the evidence produced by financial accounts and other civic documents. It also includes wider reflection on the authority of post-1560 stage directions, improved discussion on the evidence concerning performances of travelling players in taverns, and consideration of subsequent work on special effects.
List of contents
List of Illustrations
Foreword to the First Edition by Glynne Wickham
Foreword to the Revised Edition by Peter Meredith (Emeritus Professor of Medieval Drama, University of Leeds, UK)
Prefatory Note
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Principal Effects and their Providers
Chapter 2 - Fireworks, Wildmen and Flaming Devils
Chapter 3 - Fireworks as Light, Sound, Smoke and Heat
Chapter 4 - Flame as Light
Chapter 5 - Hell Mouth and the Dragon
Chapter 6 - Royal Firework Theatre: A Postlude
Conclusion
Notes
Appendix 1 - Eye-witness Accounts
Appendix 2 - Firework Accounts
Appendix 3A - John Hester's Stock List
Appendix 3B - The Grocers' Company-Tariff of Charges 1453
Appendix 4 - Recipes from Babington
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
About the author
Philip Butterworth is Visiting Scholar in the School of History, University of Leeds, UK. He is a founder member of the Octagon Theatre, Bolton, a fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and formerly Reader in Medieval Theatre and Dean for Research at the University of Leeds. He is the author of Theatre of Fire: Special Effects in Early English and Scottish Theatre (1998), Magic on the Early English Stage (2005), Staging Conventions in Medieval English Theatre (2014), and Functions of Medieval English Stage Directions: Analysis and Catalogue (2022), among others.
