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This book examines the background and consequences of the reversal in gender disparities in education through the case of the Philippines. While global education and development discourse has long emphasized girls disadvantage, a reversal where boys are falling behind in education has also recently emerged in a number of countries in developing contexts. This book critically investigates this issue in the Philippines, hailed as the top runner of gender equality in Asia and the Pacific, where boys especially those from poorer households and in rural areas are increasingly falling behind. Drawing on data from three provinces across the archipelago s main regions Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the book empirically traces the background and consequences of the reversal in family dynamics and school environments amid poverty and uneven development. It reveals that boys educational disengagement cannot be understood independently of broader socioeconomic structures. While girls may outperform boys in education, labor market and familial systems often continue to disadvantage women, recursively shaping boys educational disengagement. Through the lens of intergroup heterogeneity, this book offers an in-depth examination of the nature of the reversal. The economics of reversal is thus used not merely to describe, but to rigorously interrogate surface-level shifts that may obscure deeper, enduring asymmetries. The book adopts an interdisciplinary approach combining development economics, education, and area studies, aiming to bridge econometric rigor and field-based contextual sensitivity. It is intended for scholars, educators, policymakers, and students interested in evolving patterns of education and development.
This volume presents an expanded and refined development of the author s earlier research, which was awarded the Main Prize at the 19th Asia Pacific Research Prize (Iue Prize), conferred by the Asia Pacific Forum, Awaji Conference Japan.
List of contents
Part I: Introduction.- Chapter 1: Reversed Gender Disparity in Education: International Comparisons and Philippine Focus.- Part II: Family Dynamics and Poverty.- Chapter 2: Fathers to Sons: Intergenerational Gender-Preferential Patterns and Institutional Impacts in Primary Education.- Chapter 3: Mothers to Daughters: Gendered Continuity in Educational Demand beyond Primary Education.
About the author
Masayoshi Okabe is an associate professor of development economics at the Faculty of Economics, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Saitama University, Japan, and is concurrently a visiting professor at the School of Labor and Industrial Relations (SOLAIR), University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD), Philippines. He earned his Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Tokyo in 2019. His scholarly interests include human capital investment, poverty alleviation, intrahousehold resource allocations, discrimination and prejudice, the education-to-labor market nexus, educational policy reforms, and Philippine area studies.
Summary
This book examines the background and consequences of the reversal in gender disparities in education through the case of the Philippines. While global education and development discourse has long emphasized girls’ disadvantage, a reversal—where boys are falling behind in education—has also recently emerged in a number of countries in developing contexts. This book critically investigates this issue in the Philippines, hailed as the top runner of gender equality in Asia and the Pacific, where boys—especially those from poorer households and in rural areas—are increasingly falling behind. Drawing on data from three provinces across the archipelago’s main regions—Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the book empirically traces the background and consequences of the reversal in family dynamics and school environments amid poverty and uneven development. It reveals that boys’ educational disengagement cannot be understood independently of broader socioeconomic structures. While girls may outperform boys in education, labor market and familial systems often continue to disadvantage women, recursively shaping boys’ educational disengagement. Through the lens of intergroup heterogeneity, this book offers an in-depth examination of the nature of the reversal. The economics of reversal is thus used not merely to describe, but to rigorously interrogate surface-level shifts that may obscure deeper, enduring asymmetries. The book adopts an interdisciplinary approach combining development economics, education, and area studies, aiming to bridge econometric rigor and field-based contextual sensitivity. It is intended for scholars, educators, policymakers, and students interested in evolving patterns of education and development.
This volume presents an expanded and refined development of the author’s earlier research, which was awarded the Main Prize at the 19th Asia Pacific Research Prize (Iue Prize), conferred by the Asia Pacific Forum, Awaji Conference Japan.
