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List of contents
Chapter 1: What is the role of construction industry in the climate crisis? 1.1. Climate Crisis Components
1.2. What can (should) the construction industry do?
1.3. Carbon footprint of buildings
1.4. The influence of structural systems on the building carbon footprint
1.5. Key strategies to reduce the carbon footprint of structural systems
1.6. Conclusion
1.7. Questions
1.8. References
Chapter 2: A summary of Life-Cycle Analysis focusing on embodied carbon of steel, timber and concrete 2.1. Introduction to Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA)
2.2. The Stages of Life-Cycle Analysis for Building Structures
2.3. Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3) for Steel, Concrete, and Timber construction products
2.4. Construction Stage Carbon for Building Structures (A4 to A5)
2.5. End-of-Life Stages
2.6. Beyond the Life Cycle (D)
2.7. Embodied carbon intensity rating systems
2.8. Conclusion
2.9. Questions
2.10. References
Chapter 3: Embodied Carbon in Building Structures 3.1 Bill of Quantity
3.2 Embodied carbon "equivalent"
3.3 Scope 3 Emissions and Embodied Carbon
3.4 Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
3.5 Measuring and Normalizing Embodied Carbon
3.6 Strategies for Reducing Embodied Carbon
3.7 Practical Exercise: Example of Calculation of Embodied Carbon Intensity of a multi-storey building
3.8 Conclusion
3.9 More exercises
3.10 Discussion and Review Questions
3.11 References
Chapter 4: Life Cycle Sensitivity Analysis (LCSA) at Component Level 4.1 Columns (Steel, Timber, Concrete, Composite)
4.2 Beams (IPE, HEA, Truss, Steel, Timber, Reinforced Concrete)
4.3 Questions
4.4 References
Chapter 5: Life Cycle Analysis Optioneering (LCAO) at Building Level 5.1 Why is optioneering at the conceptual design stage is important?
5.2 Buildings and assumptions used for benchmarking
5.3 Early-Stage design alternatives using representative portions
5.4 The impact of tubular profiles and higher strength steel
5.5 Influence of the carbon factor selection on the final results
5.6 What if we use a hybrid approach combining CLT slabs with a Steel frame?
5.7 How to account for uncertainty of input carbon factors?
5.8 Questions
5.9 References
Chapter 6: Balancing the costs and carbon footprint during conceptual design 6.1 The need for a new advanced option for conceptual design
6.2 Decisions given at a conceptual design of building structures
6.3 Genetic Algorithm-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Conceptual Design
6.4 Case study
6.5 Sensitivity of carbon factor to the results
6.6 Impact of Geometric Parameters on Building Cost and Embodied Carbon
6.8 Conclusions and future trends of a data-driven conceptual design
Chapter 7: Earthquake-Resistant Design and Embodied Carbon 7.1 LCA under seismic demands
7.2 Impact of seismic design principles on sustainability
7.3 Resilience vs. Sustainability Trade-offs: Repairability, Reuse, and Material combination
7.4 Influence of Codes and Performance-Based Design on Sustainability
7.5 Conclusion
7.6 Questions
7.7 Case studies
7.8 References
Chapter 8 Implementing Life Cycle Analysis: Case Studies from Practice 8.1 Adaptive reuse
8.2 Hybrid construction
8.3 Modular construction
8.4 High Strength Steel
8.5 High Strength Concrete
8.6 Digital construction
8.7 Data driven optioneering
8.8 Architectural ambitions with low embodied carbon
8.9 Earthquake resistant design w
8.10 Sustainable design when building at poor soil conditions
8.11 Reclaimed steel
8.12 Sustainable bridge design
8.13 Conclusion
8.14 Questions
8.15 References
Chapter 9: Conclusion References
Appendices Appendix A: Glossary of Terms
Appendix B: List of EPDs and LCA Tools
Catchwords
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Embodied Carbon
Life Cycle Sensitivity Analysis (LCSA)
Sustainable Construction
Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs)
Structural Optimization
Carbon Reduction Strategies
Circular Economy
Green Building Practices
Construction Materials (Steel, Concrete, Timber)
Environmental Impact and Regulations
