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Motion is always relative to something. Is this thing a concrete body like the earth, is it an abstract space, or is it an imagined frame? Do the laws of physics depend on the choice of reference? Is there a choice for which the laws are simplest? Is this choice unique? Is there a physical cause for the choice made?
These questions traverse the history of modern physics from Galileo to Einstein. The answers involved Galilean relativity, Newton's absolute space, the purely relational concepts of Descartes, Leibniz, and Mach, and many forgotten uses of relativity principles in mechanics, optics, and electrodynamics-until the relativity theories of Poincaré, Einstein, Minkowski, and Laue radically redefined space and time to satisfy universal kinds of relativity.
This book retraces the emergence of relativity principles in early modern mechanics, documents their constructive use in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century mechanics, optics, and electrodynamics, and gives a well-rooted account of the genesis of special and general relativity in the early twentieth century. As an exercise in long-term history, it demonstrates the connectivity of issues and approaches across several centuries, despite enormous changes in context and culture. As an account of the genesis of relativity theories, it brings unprecedented clarity and fullness by broadening the spectrum of resources on which the principal actors drew.
List of contents
- 1: Rethinking motion in the seventeenth century
- 2: Deriving Newton's second law from relativity principles
- 3: The space-time-inertia tangle
- 4: The optics of moving bodies
- 5: The electrodynamics of moving bodies
- 6: Poincaré's relativity theory
- 7: The relativity theory of Einstein, Minkowski, and Laue
- 8: From Riemann to Ricci
- 9: Mostly Einstein: To general relativity
- 10: Mesh and measure in early general relativity
- 11: Epilogue
About the author
Olivier Darrigol studied physics at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, the history and philosophy of physics at the Sorbonne and at UC-Berkeley's Office for History of Science and Technology (OHST). He is the author of several books on the history of quantum physics, electrodynamics, hydrodynamics, and optics. He is currently a Research Director in the SPHere research team at CNRS, and a Research Associate at UC-Berkeley's OHST.
