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This book focuses on facial recognition technology (FRT) and sheds light on previously unexplored aspects that involve systematic legal issues concerning its regulation, the protection of rights and freedoms, the preservation of democracy and the rule of law. FRT employs cutting-edge AI systems capable of processing biometric data for identification, verification and categorization purposes. Although there have been huge strides in the research and development of these systems in the last few decades and computer scientists are following and supporting this evolution, legal scholars have only been investigating the implications for fundamental rights for the past few years. The introduction of new regulations (especially the European Union AI Act) have turned the debate on its head, putting FRT in the spotlight. However, there are still certain aspects that have not yet been explored but will be crucial in the coming years for the democratic, social, technical, ethical, and legal acceptance of this technology.
The contributions gathered here address various legal approaches to FRT that are emerging at the global level. In this regard, they particularly examine how the distinction between private and public entities use of and consequently also their respective rules on FRT is becoming increasingly unclear, as some of the latest cases show. Other chapters highlight some of the most challenging and controversial aspects of deploying FRT for specific purposes, such as emotion recognition, and in highly complex contexts, such as smart cities. Furthermore, the papers focus on legal issues stemming from the most recent proposals at the EU level, namely those regarding AI and cybersecurity.
List of contents
Facial Recognition Technology and the Challenges to Democratic Systems: an Introduction.- Facial recognition technologies: threats or opportunities for democracy?.- Technical Solutions for a Proportional Use of Facial Recognition Technology.- Facial Recognition in Public Spaces and the Principle of Necessity.- Enhancing Oversight and Addressing Gaps: Assessing the Impact of the AI Act on Biometric Identification Systems.- Biometric Data and Facial Recognition Technology in the EU: The Interplay between Data Protection and Cybersecurity.- FRT and access to public services: What acceptable uses in smart cities?.- From identity to emotional dominance? Early warnings on emotion recognition uses by police forces.
About the author
Natalia Menéndez González is a PhD candidate at the European University Institute, where she researches the proportionality within the use of Facial Recognition Technology. She is also a Research Associate at the Centre for a Digital Society, a co-founder of The DigiCon blog, a visiting researcher at the Biometrics Law Lab of the Center for IT & IP Law at the KU Leuven Faculty of Law and Criminology and former vice-chair of the PhD students in AI Ethics research group. Her other research interests include AI Ethics, especially for Natural Language Processing and the intersection between Artificial Intelligence and Democracy.
Giuseppe Mobilio is Associate Professor in Constitutional Law at the University of Florence. His current research interests include biometric surveillance, the regulation of technology and the protection of fundamental rights. More broadly, his research fields also include constitutional justice, dynamics of forms of governments, sources of law, territorial government and metropolitan authorities.
Summary
This book focuses on facial recognition technology (FRT) and sheds light on previously unexplored aspects that involve systematic legal issues concerning its regulation, the protection of rights and freedoms, the preservation of democracy and the rule of law. FRT employs cutting-edge AI systems capable of processing biometric data for identification, verification and categorization purposes. Although there have been huge strides in the research and development of these systems in the last few decades and computer scientists are following and supporting this evolution, legal scholars have only been investigating the implications for fundamental rights for the past few years. The introduction of new regulations (especially the European Union AI Act) have turned the debate on its head, putting FRT in the spotlight. However, there are still certain aspects that have not yet been explored but will be crucial in the coming years for the democratic, social, technical, ethical, and legal acceptance of this technology.
The contributions gathered here address various legal approaches to FRT that are emerging at the global level. In this regard, they particularly examine how the distinction between private and public entities’ use of – and consequently also their respective rules on – FRT is becoming increasingly unclear, as some of the latest cases show. Other chapters highlight some of the most challenging and controversial aspects of deploying FRT for specific purposes, such as emotion recognition, and in highly complex contexts, such as smart cities. Furthermore, the papers focus on legal issues stemming from the most recent proposals at the EU level, namely those regarding AI and cybersecurity.
