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This monograph is a grammatical description of Tondano, an endangered and under-documented Austronesian language spoken in the northern part of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is a modified version of the related doctoral dissertation completed at La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (2015).
List of contents
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Minahasa: population, geography, and economy
1.2 History and culture of the region
1.2.1 Minahasa in pre-colonial times
1.2.2 Colonisation: the 1500s onwards
1.2.3 Minahasa in the modern age
1.3 The languages of North Sulawesi
1.3.1 Indigenous languages of North Sulawesi
1.3.2 The Minahasan micro-group
1.3.3 Languages of wider communication
1.3.4 Linguistic vitality
1.3.5 Community attitudes
1.3.6 Previous descriptive work and major sources
1.4 Fieldwork and the data corpus
2 Phonetics and phonology
2.1 Phoneme inventory
2.1.1 Evidence for phonemic contrasts: minimal pairs
2.2 Distribution and allophonic variation
2.2.1 Consonant phonemes
2.2.2 Oral plosives
2.2.3 Nasals
2.2.4 Glides
2.2.5 Liquids
2.2.6 Fricatives
2.2.7 Vowel phonemes
2.3 Syllable structure and phonotactics
2.3.1 Syllable structure
2.3.2 Consonant clusters
2.3.3 Vowel sequences
2.3.4 Syllable sequences
2.3.5 Stress assignment
2.4 Morphophonological processes
2.4.1 Nasal assimilation
2.4.2 Nasal substitution
2.4.3 Pseudo nasal substitution
2.4.4 Reduplication
2.4.5 Vowel deletion
2.4.6 Consonant deletion
2.4.7 Epenthesis .
3 Morphology and word formation
3.1 Words: phonological and grammatical
3.1.1 Phonological words
3.1.2 Grammatical words
3.2 Roots and stems
3.2.1 Roots
3.2.2 Stems
3.3 Inflection and derivation
3.4 Affixes
3.4.1 Prefixes
3.4.2 Infixes .
3.4.3 Suffixes
3.4.4 Circumfixes
3.4.5 Affix ordering
3.5 Clitics
3.5.1 Proclitics
3.5.2 Enclitics
3.5.3 Clitic ordering
4 Lexical categories
4.1 Lexical categories and morphosyntactic categories
4.2 Nouns
4.2.1 Common and proper nouns
4.2.2 Temporal nouns
4.2.3 Locative nouns
4.2.4 Nominalisation
4.3 Verbs
4.3.1 Monovalent verbs
4.3.2 Bivalent verbs
4.3.3 Modal auxiliary verbs
4.4 Pronouns
4.4.1 Independent pronouns
4.4.2 Proclitic pronouns
4.4.3 Enclitic pronouns
4.4.4 Non-specific referents
anu and
ano4.5 Adverbs
4.5.1 Degree adverbs
4.5.2 Focussing adverbs
4.5.3 Evidential and epistemic adverbs
4.5.4 Temporal adverbs
4.6 Demonstratives
4.6.1 Demonstrative attributives
4.6.2 Demonstrative pronouns
4.7 Quantifiers (non-numeral)
4.8 Numerals
4.8.1 Simplex cardinal numerals
4.8.2 Complex cardinal numerals
4.8.3 Ordinal numerals
4.8.4 Fractions
4.8.5 Multiplicatives
4.9 Prepositions
4.10 Conjunctions
4.11 Particles
4.11.1 Interjections and exclamations
4.11.2 Directional particles =
la, =
mèè, and =
mi 4.11.3 Completive =
mou and incompletive =
pè'
4.11.4 Verbal particle
nèi 5 Basic morphosyntax
5.1 Grammatical relations and semantic roles
5.1.1 Nominative
5.1.2 Accusitive
5.1.3 Genitive
5.2 Transitivity
5.2.1 Intransitive clauses
5.2.2 Transitive clauses
5.3 Verbal clause structure
5.3.1 Actor voice clauses
5.3.2 Undergoer voice clauses
5.3.3 Topicalisation
5.4 Non-verbal clauses
5.4.1 Existential clauses
5.4.2 Equative and attributive clauses
5.5 Other clause types
5.5.1 Question formation
5.5.2 Negation and prohibitives
5.5.3 Imperatives and adhortatives
5.6 Noun phrases and prepositional phrases
5.6.1 Noun phrases
5.6.2 Phrase marking
5.6.3 Possession
5.6.4 Prepositional phrases
5.7 Complex clauses
5.7.1 Complex multi-verbal predicates
5.7.2 Coordination
5.7.3 Relative clauses
5.7.4 Adverbial clauses
5.7.5 Complement clauses
5.7.6 Indirect speech
6 Major verbal alternations 183
6.1 Voice marking
6.1.1 Morphosyntactic typology and alignment
6.1.2 Actore voice
6.1.3 Patient voice
6.1.4 Locative voice
6.1.5 Conveyance voice
6.2 Dynamic, Potentive, and Stative morphology
6.2.1 Dynamic
pa-/peN- 6.2.2 Potentive
ka-6.2.3 Stative
ka- 6.3 Tense, aspect, and mood
6.3.1 Tense
6.3.2 Aspect
6.3.3 Mood
6.4 Completive prefix
paka- 6.5 Manner marking prefix
kapa- 6.6 Causative prefix
pa- 6.7 Reciprocal and comitative (mutual) suffix
-an 6.8 Reflexives:
sandiri, nu esa, and
nu waya 6.9 Requestive prefix
paki- 7 Example text 224
7.1 Collecting and cooking
watè 'sago grubs'
Bibliography
About the author
Timothy C. Brickell is a linguist who is currently based at the University of Melbourne. He has been conducting fieldwork-based research in North Sulawesi since 2011 with the aim of documenting and describing the languages and cultures of indigenous communities in the Minahasa and Southeast Minahasa regencies. This research has produced digital multi-media content documenting traditional work-related, crafting, social, and ritualistic activities, as well as descriptions of various levels of language structure, such as those put forward in this monograph.
Summary
This monograph is a grammatical description of Tondano, an endangered and under-documented Austronesian language spoken in the northern part of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is a modified version of the related doctoral dissertation completed at La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (2015).
