4d Printing Technology - Principles, Materials and Application

The book serves as a comprehensive guide to 4D printing technology, exploring its principles, materials, and applications while offering valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and innovators in additive manufacturing. 4D Printing Technology: Principles, Materials and Applications is a detailed exploration of 4D printing technology, offering readers a comprehensive understanding of how smart materials and additive manufacturing processes come together to create dynamic, responsive structures. Starting with the foundations of additive manufacturing, this volume introduces readers to the rise of smart materials and the evolution from static 3D printing to adaptive 4D printing. It covers a wide range of topics, including 4D printing at the micro and nano scale, the use of polymers and reinforced materials, and advanced applications in photonics. The volume delves into complex programming of 4D printed materials, discussing various stimuli (thermal, magnetic, light-based) that enable shape-shifting behavior. Each chapter focuses on practical applications, including healthcare innovations like adaptive implants, aerospace components that morph based on environmental conditions, and novel photonic devices. Finally, the book discusses key characterization techniques necessary for analyzing the performance and durability of 4D printed parts. 4D Printing Technology: Principles, Materials and Applications serves as a comprehensive reference and an inspiration for future innovations in this rapidly evolving field. Readers will find the book

• Comprehensively covers 4D printing technologies, from foundational principles to advanced applications in photonics, robotics, and micro/nano devices;
• Includes contributions from international experts in smart materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, and application-specific innovations;
• Covers important research developments in this field from the last decade;
• Provides detailed discussions on materials, shape programming, and characterization techniques for 4D printed structures;
• Examines various applications, future directions, and innovations in 4D printing, smart materials, and additive manufacturing technologies.

Audience Manufacturing engineers, materials scientists, additive manufacturing specialists in all industries, academics, and researchers in advanced materials, biomedical engineering, photonics, and nanotechnology.

List of contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Importance of Additive Manufacturing in the Era of Industry 4.0 1
Bijaya Bikram Samal, Abhishek Kumar, Anita Jena, Debadutta Mishra, Shailendra Kumar Varshney, Ashish Kumar Nath and Cheruvu Siva Kumar
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Additive Manufacturing as an Enabler of Industry 4.0 2
1.3 Synergies Between Additive Manufacturing and Digital Technologies 6
1.4 Integration of AM with Digital Twins and Simulation 9
1.5 Applications Across Industries 14
1.6 Challenges and Opportunities 19
1.7 Conclusions 20
2 Additive Manufacturing Processing and Techniques: Focusing on Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) and Its Various Post Processing Technologies 29
Abhishek Kumar, Bijaya Bikram Samal, Ashish Kumar Nath, Shailendra Kumar Varshney and Cheruvu Siva Kumar
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Classification of Additive Manufacturing 32
2.3 LPBF 35
2.4 Post Processing of Additive Manufactured Parts 53
2.5 Surface Metrology and Characterization 54
2.6 Conclusions 59
3 The Rise of Smart Materials: Recent Developments 69
Mariel Amparo Fernandez Aramayo, Mohd Rehan, Bijaya Bikram Samal, Cheruvu Siva Kumar and Shailendra Kumar Varshney
3.1 Introduction 70
3.2 Importance of Smart Materials in 4D Printing 72
3.3 Types of Smart Materials 73
3.4 Conclusion 85
4 From 3D Printing to 4D Printing: Adding Time Dimension 93
Bijaya Bikram Samal, Debadutta Mishra, Marwan Nafea, Anita Jena, Shailendra Kumar Varshney and Cheruvu Siva Kumar
4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 Additive Manufacturing Evolution 95
4.3 A Decade of 4D Printing (2013-2023) 98
4.4 Understanding the Fourth Dimension: Time in Printing 106
4.5 Laws of 4D Printing 111
4.6 Challenges and Opportunities in the Transition to 4D Printing from 3D 113
4.7 Future Directions and Emerging Trends in 4D Printing 115
4.8 Conclusions 116
5 4D Printing of Polymers 125
Sivanagaraju Namathoti, Pavan Kumar Gurrala, Prakash Chandra and M. R. K. Vakkalagadda
5.1 Introduction to 4D Printing Techniques of Polymers 126
5.2 4D Printing Technologies 128
5.3 Extrusion 3D Printing 130
5.4 Liquid Deposition Modeling (LDM) or Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 132
5.5 Binder Jetting 133
5.6 4D Printing of SMPs and Materials 135
5.7 4D Printing of Two-Way SMPs 144
5.8 Applications of SMPs 148
5.9 Summary & Future Scope 149
6 Polymer Blends and Reinforcements in 4D Printing 165
Sivanagaraju Namathoti, Pavan Kumar Gurrala, Prakash Chandra, G. Naga Mallikarjun Rao and M. R. K. Vakkalagadda
6.1 Introduction 166
6.2 Types of Polymer Blends 167
6.3 Shape Memory Polymer Blends 169
6.4 Reinforcements in 4D Printing 172
6.5 Applications of Blended and Reinforced SMPs in 4D Printing 185
6.6 Characteristics of 4D Printed Polymer Blends and Nanocomposites 186
6.7 Summary and Future Scope 195
6.8 Challenges 195
6.9 Future Prospects 196
7 4D Printing in Micro/Nano Scale: Technologies, Challenges, and Applications 205
Kaustav Moni Bora, Anita Jena, Ujjal Dey, Shailendra Kumar Varshney and Cheruvu SivaKumar
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Materials 211
7.3 Micro-Nano Scale 4D Printing Processes 214
7.4 Applications of 4D Printing 223
7.5 Challenges in 4D Printing Technology 229
7.6 Future Scope of 4D Printing 231
7.7 Conclusion 233
8 Characterization Techniques for Four Dimensional (4D) Printed Parts 245
Bijaya Bikram Samal, Bharat Charan Goud Marupalli, Pranabjyoti Talukdar, Anita Jena, Roja Rani Korrayi, Tapasendra Adhikary, Shailendra Kumar Varshney and Cheruvu Siva Kumar
8.1 Introduction 246
8.2 Characterization Techniques Overview 248
8.3 Mechanical Characterization 254
8.4 Thermal Characterization 259
8.5 Surface Finish and Roughness 262
8.6 Microstructure Analysis 263
8.7 Dimensional Accuracy and Precision267
8.8 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) 269
8.9 Conclusions 270
9 4D Printing Applications in Photonics 281
Bijaya Bikram Samal, Shubhanshi Sharma, Monica Pradhan and Shailendra K. Varshney
9.1 Introduction 282
9.2 Smart Materials in Photonics 284
9.3 4D Printing Processes in Photonics 290
9.4 4D Printed Optical Components and Their Applications in Optics and Photonics 296
9.5 Future of 4D Printed Photonics and Emerging Novel Applications 306
9.6 Conclusion 307
10 Methods, Materials, Shape Programming, and Applications of 4D Printing 315
Jian Ming Lee, Jie Wei Chee, Joel Zi Xu Wong, Li Yang Foong and Marwan Nafea
10.1 Introduction 316
10.2 4D Printing Methods 317
10.3 4D Printing Materials 326
10.4 Shape Programming 329
10.5 Applications of 4D Printing 331
10.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 336
Acknowledgment 336
References 337
Index 345

About the author

Bijaya Bikram Samal, PhD, is a pioneering researcher in 4D printing at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. He was the first in India to initiate groundbreaking research in 4D printing technology and gained international recognition for creating the world's strongest 4D printed part. He is a fellow of the Bose Science Society, chartered engineer for the Institute of Engineers, and a life member of the Indian Society for Technical Education.
Cheruvu Siva Kumar, PhD, is a professor of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. His post-doctoral research was conducted as a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. He has over 100 publications, ten patents, and serves as an expert panelist for government projects. His research interests include additive manufacturing, robotics, and computer networks.
Shailendra Kumar Varshney, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. He has received numerous prestigious fellowships, including a University Grant Commission Council of Scientific and Industrial Research fellowship from India, a Monbukagakusho and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science fellowship from Japan, and the Alexander von Humboldt fellowship from Germany. His research focuses on on-chip photonic components, nonlinear photonics, and quantum photonics.

Product details

• Authors: Bijaya Bikram (Indian Institute of Technolo Samal, Bijaya Bikram Kumar Samal
• Assisted by: Cheruvu Siva Kumar (Editor), Bijaya Bikram Samal (Editor), Shailendra Kumar Varshney (Editor)
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Release: 29.08.2025
• EAN: 9781394212583
• ISBN: 978-1-394-21258-3
• No. of pages: 368
• Series: Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technologies
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Mechanical engineering, production engineering; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering & Materials, Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies