Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices - Fundamentals and Recent Advances

LOW ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE WIRELESS DEVICES
 
Comprehensive resource covering methods of designing energy efficient and low EMF wireless device techniques
 
Supported with real case studies and recent advancements and laying the foundation for future advancements in the field, Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances describes both ways, i.e. hardware and software, in which the user-centric wireless communication devices can be designed to reduce the levels of EMF to limit the potential long-term effects of EMF on human health.
 
The text covers state-of-the-art and advanced topics such as EMF exposure standards and rationale, EMF evaluation tools, radio resource allocation, energy conservation, energy harvesting, EMF-aware antenna designs, and MIMO, and highlights advancements in this exciting field to date. To aid reader comprehension, the text contains numerous tables, illustrations, and photographs.
 
In Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances, readers can expect to find information on:
* Fundamentals and key practices, and mechanisms and assessment methods, of exposure to electromagnetic fields
* The role of the smartphone on the assessment of exposure from 5G and antenna design considerations and techniques for low SAR mobile handsets
* Numerical exposure assessments of communication systems at higher frequencies and age-dependent exposure estimation using numerical methods
* Reinforcement learning and device-to-device communication in minimizing EMF exposure and emission-aware uplink resource allocation scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access systems
 
For wireless user equipment designers and hardware engineers, teachers in wireless communications, and postgraduate students in antennas for communication systems, Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances is a must-have resource, covering an important topic that is expected to only grow in significance as future technological developments are made.

List of contents

Editor Biography xii
 
List of Contributors xiii
 
Preface xv
 

1 Electromagnetic Field Exposure: Fundamentals and Key
 
Practices 1
 
Muhammad Ali Jamshed, Fabien Héliot, Tim W.C. Brown, and
 
Masood Ur Rehman
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.2 EMF Metric and Evaluation Framework 3
 
1.2.1 EMF Exposure Factors 4
 
1.2.1.1 Transmit Antenna Regions 4
 
1.2.1.2 Transmit Antenna Characteristics 5
 
1.2.1.3 Duration of Exposure 6
 
1.2.1.4 Electrical Properties of Biological Tissues 6
 
1.2.2 EMF Exposure Metrics 6
 
1.2.2.1 Specific Absorption Rate 7
 
1.2.2.2 Power Density 8
 
1.2.2.3 Exposure-Ratio 9
 
1.2.2.4 Dose 10
 
1.2.2.5 Composite/Generic Metric of EMF Exposure 10
 
1.3 Application of Metric for Setting Guidelines/Limits and Reducing
 
Exposure 10
 
1.3.1 SAR Reduction 11
 
1.3.2 PD Reduction 12
 
1.3.3 Exposure-Ratio Reduction 12
 
1.3.4 Dose Reduction 12
 
Contents vii
 
1.3.5 Composite EMF Exposure Reduction 13
 
1.4 Conclusion 13
 
References 13
 

2 Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Wireless
 
Devices: Mechanisms and Assessment Methods 19
 
Yasir Alfadhl
 
2.1 Fundamentals of EMF Interactions with the Human Body 19
 
2.1.1 Thermal Effect 21
 
2.1.2 Non-thermal Effects 22
 
2.2 Physical Models to Represent the Interaction of EMFs with Biological
 
Tissue 24
 
2.2.1 Interaction Mechanisms 24
 
2.2.1.1 Effects of Bound Charges 25
 
2.2.1.2 Effects of Dipole Orientations 25
 
2.2.1.3 Drift of Conduction Charges 25
 
2.2.2 Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials 26
 
2.2.2.1 Relaxation Theory 26
 
2.2.2.2 Age-Dependent Dielectric Properties 28
 
2.2.3 The Interaction of EM Fields with Biological Materials 28
 
2.2.3.1 Interactions on the Body Scale 29
 
2.2.3.2 Interactions on the Tissue Scale 30
 
2.2.3.3 Interaction on the Cellular and Sub-cellular Scales 30
 
2.3 Dosimetry Concepts 30
 
2.3.1 The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 31
 
2.3.1.1 SAR Measurement Techniques over the Frequency Spectrum 31
 
2.3.1.2 SAR Spatial Averaging 32
 
2.3.1.3 Tissue Mass Averaging Procedures 32
 
2.3.1.4 Localized and Whole-Body Averaged SAR 34
 
2.3.2 The Specific Absorption (SA) 34
 
2.4 Dosimetry Methodology 35
 
2.4.1 Experimental Dosimetry 35
 
2.4.2 Numerical Dosimetry 36
 
2.4.2.1 Theoretical Analysis 36
 
2.4.2.2 Numerical Modelling 37
 
2.5 Numerical Dosimetry at the Radiofrequency and Microwave
 
Regions 38
 
2.5.1 Formulation of the Scattered-Field FDTD Algorithm 39
 
2.5.2 Discretization of Anatomical Models in FDTD 40
 
2.5.3 Comparisons of Numerical Results with Analytical Benchmarks 42
 
References 46
 
viii Contents
 

3 Numerical Exposure Assessments of Communication
 
Systems at Higher Frequencies 49
 
Muhammad Rafaqat Ali Qureshi, Yasir Alfadhl, and Xiaodong Chen
 
3.1 Introduction 49
 
3.2 Exposure Configuration 50
 
3.3 PlaneWave Exposure Assessment of E-field Absorption Within the
 
Skin Using SAR as a Function of Frequency 51
 
3.3.1 Comparisons of SAR Levels on Dry-Skin andWet-Skin 52
 
3.4 PlaneWave Exposure Assessment of E-field Absorption Within
 
Multi-layer Model Using SAR as a Function of Frequency 58
 
3.4.1 Comparisons of SAR Levels on Dry-Sk

About the author

Masood Ur Rehman is an Associate Professor in Electronic and Nanoscale Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy UK and Senior Member of the IEEE and Associate Editor for IEEE Sensors Journal, IEEE Access, Microwave & Optical Technology Letters, and IET Electronics Letters. Muhammad Ali Jamshed is a Research Assistant at the University of Glasgow, UK. Muhammad earned his PhD from the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, in 2021. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and Associate Editor of IET Network.

Product details

• Authors: Masood Jamshed Ur Rehman
• Assisted by: Ali Jamshed (Editor), Muhammad Ali Jamshed (Editor), Masood Ur Rehman (Editor)
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 09.12.2022
• EAN: 9781119909163
• ISBN: 978-1-119-90916-3
• No. of pages: 256
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Electronics, electrical engineering, communications engineering; Leistungselektronik, Elektromagnetismus, drahtlose kommunikation, Power electronics, Mobile & Wireless Communications, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik, Electromagnetic Theory, elektromagnetisches Feld