Supercharge, Invasion, and Mudcake Growth in Downhole Applications

Mysterious "supercharge effects," encountered in formation testing pressure transient analysis, and reservoir invasion, mudcake growth, dynamic filtration, stuck-pipe remediation, and so on, are often discussed in contrasting petrophysical versus drilling contexts. However, these effects are physically coupled and intricately related. The authors focus on a comprehensive formulation, provide solutions for different specialized limits, and develop applications that illustrate how the central ideas can be used in seemingly unrelated disciplines. This approach contributes to a firm understanding of logging and drilling principles. Fortran source code, furnished where applicable, is listed together with recently developed software applications and conveniently summarized throughout the book. In addition, common (incorrect) methods used in the industry are re-analyzed and replaced with more accurate models, which are then used to address challenging field objectives.
 
Sophisticated mathematics is explained in "down to earth" terms, but empirical validations, in this case through Catscan experiments, are used to "keep predictions honest." Similarly, early-time, low mobility, permeability prediction models used in formation testing, several invented by one of the authors, are extended to handle supercharge effects in overbalanced drilling and near-well pressure deficits encountered in underbalanced drilling. These methods are also motivated by reality. For instance, overpressures of 2,000 psi and underpressures near 500 psi are routinely reported in field work, thus imparting a special significance to the methods reported in the book.
 
This new volume discusses old problems and modern challenges, formulates and develops advanced models applicable to both drilling and petrophysical objectives. The presentation focuses on central unifying physical models which are carefully formulated and mathematically solved. The wealth of applications examples and supporting software discussed provides readers with a unified focus behind daily work activities, emphasizing common features and themes rather than unrelated methods and work flows. This comprehensive book is "must" reading for every petroleum engineer.

List of contents

Preface xiii
 
Acknowledgements xvii
 
1 Pressure Transient Analysis and Sampling in Formation Testing 1
 
Pressure transient analysis challenges 1
 
Background development 3
 
1.1 Conventional Formation Testing Concepts 5
 
1.2 Prototypes, Tools and Systems 6
 
1.2.1 Enhanced Formation Dynamic Tester (EFDT(r)) 9
 
1.2.2 Basic Reservoir Characteristic Tester (BASIC-RCT(TM)) 13
 
1.2.3 Enhancing and enabling technologies 15
 
Stuck tool alleviation 16
 
Field facilities 17
 
1.3 Recent Formation Testing Developments 17
 
1.4 References 20
 
2. Spherical Source Models for Forward and Inverse Formulations 21
 
2.1 Basic Approaches, Interpretation Issues and Modeling Hierarchies 23
 
Early steady flow model 23
 
Simple drawdown-buildup models 23
 
Analytical drawdown-buildup solution 25
 
Phase delay analysis 26
 
Modeling hierarchies 28
 
2.2 Basic Single-Phase Flow Forward and Inverse Algorithms 36
 
2.2.1 Module FT-00 36
 
2.2.2 Module FT-01 37
 
2.2.3 Module FT-03 38
 
2.2.4 Forward model application, Module FT-00 39
 
2.2.5 Inverse model application, Module FT-01 41
 
2.2.6 Effects of dip angle 43
 
2.2.7 Inverse "pulse interaction" approach using FT-00 46
 
2.2.8 FT-03 model overcomes source-sink limitations 49
 
2.2.9 Module FT-04, phase delay analysis, introductory for now 52
 
2.2.10 Drawdown-buildup, Module FT-PTA-DDBU 55
 
2.2.11 Real pumping, Module FT-06 59
 
2.3 Advanced Forward and Inverse Algorithms 61
 
2.3.1 Advanced drawdown and buildup methods Basic steady model 61
 
Validating our method 63
 
2.3.2 Calibration results and transient pressure curves 65
 
2.3.3 Mobility and pore pressure using first drawdown data 67
 
2.3.3.1 Run No. 1. Flowline volume 200 cc 68
 
2.3.3.2 Run No. 2. Flowline volume 500 cc 69
 
2.3.3.3 Run No. 3. Flowline volume 1,000 cc 71
 
2.3.3.4 Run No. 4. Flowline volume 2,000 cc 73
 
2.3.4 Mobility and pore pressure from last buildup data 74
 
2.3.4.1 Run No. 5. Flowline volume 200 cc 74
 
2.3.4.2 Run No. 6. Flowline volume 500 cc 76
 
2.3.4.3 Run No. 7. Flowline volume 1,000 cc 77
 
2.3.4.4 Run No. 8. Flowline volume 2,000 cc 78
 
2.3.4.5 Run No. 9. Time-varying flowline volume inputs from FT-07 79
 
2.3.5 Phase delay and amplitude attenuation, anisotropic media with dip - detailed theory, model and numerical results 81
 
2.3.5.1 Basic mathematical results 82
 
Isotropic model 82
 
Anisotropic extensions 82
 
Vertical well limit 83
 
Horizontal well limit 83
 
Formulas for vertical and horizontal wells 83
 
Deviated well equations 84
 
Deviated well interpretation for both kh and kv 85
 
Two-observation-probe models 86
 
2.3.5.2 Numerical examples and typical results 88
 
Example 1. Parameter estimates 89
 
Example 2. Surface plots 90
 
Example 3. Sinusoidal excitation 91
 
Example 4. Rectangular wave excitation 94
 
Example 5. Permeability prediction at general dip angles 96
 
Example 6. Solution for a random input 98
 
2.3.5.3 Layered model formulation 99
 
2.3.5.4 Phase delay software interface 100
 
2.3.5.5 Detailed phase delay results in layered anisotropic media 103
 
2.3.6 Supercharging and formation invasion introduction, with review of analytical forward and inverse models 110
 
2.3.6.1 Development perspectives 111
 
2.3.6.2

About the author

Tao Lu, PhD, Vice President, China Oilfield Services Limited, leads the company's logging and directional well R&D activities, also heading its formation testing research, applications and marketing efforts. Mr. Lu is recipient of numerous awards, including the National Technology Development Medal, National Engineering Talent and State Council Awards, and several COSL technology innovation prizes.
Xiaofei Qin graduated from Huazhong University of Science and Technology with a M.Sc. in Mechanical Science and Engineering. At China Oilfield Services Limited, he is engaged in the research and development of petroleum logging instruments and their applications. Mr. Qin has published twelve scientific papers and obtained twenty patents.
Yongren Feng is a Professor Level Senior Engineer and Chief Engineer at the Oilfield Technology Research Institute of China Oilfield Services Limited. He has been engaged in the research and development of offshore oil logging instruments for three decades, mainly responsible for wireline formation testing technology, electric core sampling methods and formation testing while drilling (FTWD) tool development.
Yanmin Zhou received her PhD in geological resources engineering from the University of Petroleum, Beijing and serves as Geophysics Engineer at COSL. She participated in the company's Drilling and Reservoir Testing Instrument Development Program, its National Science and Technology Special Project, and acts as R&D engineer for national formation testing activities.
Wilson Chin earned his PhD from M.I.T. and his M.Sc. from Caltech. He has authored over twenty books with Wiley-Scrivener and other major scientific publishers, has more than four dozen domestic and international patents to his credit, and has published over one hundred journal articles, in the areas of reservoir engineering, formation testing, well logging, Measurement While Drilling, and drilling and cementing rheology. Inquiries: [e-mail].

Product details

• Authors: Wilson C Chin, Wilson C. Lu Chin, Tao (China Oilfield Services Limited) Qin Lu
• Assisted by: Wilson Chin (Editor), Chin Wilson C. (Editor), Yongren Feng (Editor), Feng Yongren (Editor), Tao Lu (Editor), Xiaofei Qin (Editor), Xiaofei Qin et al (Editor), Yanmin Zhou (Editor), Zhou Yanmin (Editor)
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 17.08.2021
• EAN: 9781119283324
• ISBN: 978-1-119-28332-4
• No. of pages: 528
• Series: Advances in Petroleum Engineering
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Heat, energy and power station engineering; Mathematik, Energie, Umweltforschung, Umweltwissenschaften, ENERGY, Mathematics, Environmental Studies, fossile Brennstoffe, Fossil fuels, Environmental Science, Mathematik in den Ingenieurwissenschaften, Applied Mathematics in Engineering