Biostatistics Decoded

Biostatistics Decoded covered a large number of statistical methods that are mainly applied to clinical and epidemiological research, as well as a comprehensive discussion of study designs for observational research and clinical trials, two important concerns for the clinical researcher.
 
In this second edition, new material is included covering statistical methods and study designs that are used to analyse research. Following the same methodology used in the first edition, the chapters are presented in two levels of detail, one for the reader who wishes only to understand the rationale behind each statistical method, and one for the reader who wishes to understand the computations
 
Key features include:
* Extensive coverage of the design and analysis of experiments for basic science research
* Experimental designs are presented together with the statistical methods
* The rationale of all forms of ANOVA is explained with simple mathematics
* A comprehensive presentation of statistical tests for multiple comparisons
* Calculations for all statistical methods are illustrated with examples and explained step-by-step.
 
This book presents biostatistical concepts and methods in a way that is accessible to anyone, regardless of his or her knowledge of mathematics. The topics selected for this book cover will meet the needs of clinical professionals to readers in basic science research.

List of contents

Preface xi
 
1 Populations and Samples 1
 
1.1 The Object of Biostatistics 1
 
1.2 Scales of Measurement 3
 
1.3 Central Tendency Measures 5
 
1.4 Sampling 8
 
1.5 Inferences from Samples 11
 
1.6 Measures of Location and Dispersion 14
 
1.7 The Standard Deviation 15
 
1.8 The n . 1 Divisor 16
 
1.9 Degrees of Freedom 18
 
1.10 Variance of Binary Variables 19
 
1.11 Properties of Means and Variances 20
 
1.12 Descriptive Statistics 22
 
1.13 Sampling Variation 25
 
1.14 The Normal Distribution 27
 
1.15 The Central Limit Theorem 29
 
1.16 Properties of the Normal Distribution 30
 
1.17 Probability Distribution of Sample Means 32
 
1.18 The Standard Error of the Mean 33
 
1.19 The Value of the Standard Error 35
 
1.20 Distribution of Sample Proportions 37
 
1.21 Convergence of Binomial to Normal Distribution 39
 
2 Descriptive Studies 41
 
2.1 Designing a Research 41
 
2.2 Study Design 42
 
2.3 Classification of Descriptive Studies 44
 
2.4 Cross-sectional Studies 45
 
2.5 Inferences from Means 47
 
2.6 Confidence Intervals 48
 
2.7 Statistical Tables 49
 
2.8 The Case of Small Samples 51
 
2.9 Student's t Distribution 54
 
2.10 Statistical Tables of the t Distribution 56
 
2.11 Inferences from Proportions 58
 
2.12 Statistical Tables of the Binomial Distribution 60
 
2.13 Sample Size Requirements 61
 
2.14 Longitudinal Studies 63
 
2.15 Incidence Studies 65
 
2.16 Cohort Studies 66
 
2.17 Inference from Incidence Studies 70
 
2.18 Standardization 72
 
2.19 Time-to-Event Cohort Studies 75
 
2.20 The Actuarial Method 76
 
2.21 The Kaplan-Meier Method 79
 
2.22 Probability Sampling 82
 
2.23 Simple Random Sampling 84
 
2.24 Replacement in Sampling 85
 
2.25 Stratified Sampling 87
 
2.26 Multistage Sampling 92
 
3 Analytical Studies 97
 
3.1 Objectives of Analytical Studies 97
 
3.2 Measures of Association 98
 
3.3 Odds, Logits, and Odds Ratios 99
 
3.4 Attributable Risk 101
 
3.5 Classification of Analytical Studies 103
 
3.6 Uncontrolled Analytical Studies 104
 
3.7 Comparative Analytical Studies 105
 
3.8 Hybrid Analytical Studies 109
 
3.9 Non-probability Sampling in Analytical Studies 111
 
3.10 Comparison of Two Means 111
 
3.11 Comparison of Two Means from Small Samples 114
 
3.12 Comparison of Two Proportions 116
 
4 Statistical Tests 121
 
4.1 The Null and Alternative Hypotheses 121
 
4.2 The z-Test 122
 
4.3 The p-Value 125
 
4.4 Student's t-Test 126
 
4.5 The Binomial Test 128
 
4.6 The Chi-Square Test 130
 
4.7 The Table of the Chi-Square Distribution 134
 
4.8 Analysis of Variance 135
 
4.9 Partitioning the Sum of Squares 139
 
4.10 Statistical Tables of the F Distribution 142
 
4.11 The ANOVA Table 143
 
5 Aspects of Statistical Tests 145
 
5.1 One-Sided Tests 145
 
5.2 Power of a Statistical Test 149
 
5.3 Sample Size Estimation 150
 
5.4 Multiple Comparisons 153
 
5.5 Scale Transformation 155
 
5.6 Non-parametric Tests 156
 
6 Cross-sectional Studies 161
 
6.1 Linear Regression 161
 
6.2 The Least Squares Method 163
 
6.3 Linear Regression Estimates 166
 
6.4 Regression and Correlation 1

About the author

A. GOUVEIA OLIVEIRA is a M.D. with a PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Lisbon, Portugal. For the last 20 years, he has been dedicated to clinical and basic research. He was the founder and CEO of Datamedica, a full-service Contract Research Organization based in Lisbon, Portugal, where he designed, conducted and analyzed a large number of epidemiologic studies and clinical trials for all the major pharmaceutical companies. He was Associate Professor of Biomedical Informatics at the Medical University of South Carolina, USA, and currently Associate Professor of Biostatistics in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte in Natal, Brazil. He is the author or co-author of over 100 papers published in leading scientific journals.

Product details

• Authors: A Gouveia Oliveira, A. Gouveia Oliveira, A. Gouveia (Federal University of Rio Gr Oliveira, Oliveira A. Gouveia
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 08.10.2020
• EAN: 9781119584209
• ISBN: 978-1-119-58420-9
• No. of pages: 480
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Mathematics; Statistik, Biometrie, Statistics, Biostatistik, Biostatistics, Biometrics, Medical Statistics & Epidemiology, Medizinische Statistik u. Epidemiologie